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Pharmacy BSI > BSI Lecture 52 Histology/Neurons and Glia > Flashcards

BSI Lecture 52 Histology/Neurons and Glia Flashcards

1
Q

Where do dendrites receive information?

A

Via chemical transmission across synapses

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2
Q

How do the cell body and axons transmit information?

A

propagating action potentials away from the cell body towards a synapse/synapses

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3
Q

What determines whether or not you get to threshold?

A

Axon Hillock

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4
Q

How do dendrites receive information?

A

Via chemical transmission across synapses

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5
Q

How do the cell body and axon transmit information?

A

By propagating action potentials away from the cell body towards a synapse(s).

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6
Q

What are the transport systems in axons and dendrites?

A

Microtubules and molecular motors

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7
Q

What does the axon increase?

A

conduction velocity

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8
Q

What is most the common neuron and where is it located?

A

Multipolar neuron located in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and in multiple dendrites for many inputs.

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9
Q

Where is the bipolar neuron located?

A

in the back of the eye (retina)

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10
Q

What is a unipolar neuron?

A

It is the primary sensory neuron that will go into the spinal cord

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11
Q

What is the general way that neurons can be characterized?

A

according to their processes/dendrites

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12
Q

How are microtubules efficient transport systems?

A

they relay information quickly

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13
Q

T/F? The physical position of synapses on dendrites is crucial integration.

A

True

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14
Q

Neurons can and usually have multiple dendrites, but how many axons do they have?

A

One axon, however, the axon can split to innervate multiple effectors/neurons

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15
Q

What are the variable shapes of the dendrites related to?

A

function

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16
Q

What are pyramidal cells?

A

the principal neurons of the cerebral cortices

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17
Q

What are Purkinje cells?

A

the cerebellar equivalent to pyramidal cells.

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18
Q

What do astrocytes remove?

A

What do astrocytes remove?

They remove glutamate and terminate its action, which in excess would kill off neurons

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19
Q

What do astrocytes help in the formation of?

A

They help in forming the vital “blood-brain-barrier” and with neuronal nutrition

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20
Q

What are microglial cells?

A

immune cells

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21
Q

Why are the glia “forgotten heroes” of the nervous system?

A

without their support, neurons couldn’t function correctly

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22
Q

What do ependymal cells line?

A

the ventricular system of the brain and they actually secrete CSF.

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23
Q

What is CSF?

A

A blood filtrate

24
Q

How do oligodendrocytes force a faster rate of information transfer?

A

They are myelinating, which means that they wrap their membranes tightly around the CNS axons, so insulating them

25
Q

Where do Schwann cells myelinate?

A

Outside the CNS

26
Q

By how much does myelination increase speed?

A

10 times

27
Q

What occurs at the nodes of Ranvier?

A

action potentials “hop” between the parts of the axon, which forces an increased rate of action potentials.

28
Q

What is the outer connective tissue covering a nerve (containing many axons and fascicles) called?

A

Epineurium

29
Q

T/F? Axons always start as a single process?

A

True

30
Q

Which type of glial cells are involved in neurotransmitter removal and recycling?

A

Astrocytes

31
Q

Which type of glial cells are involved in the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

32
Q

Which type of glial cells are involved in neuronal nutrition?

A

Astrocytes

33
Q

Which type of glial cells are involved myelination within the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

34
Q

T/F? If individual axons are not myelinated, they will still have enhanced conduction velocities.

A

FALSE; they will not have enhances conduction velocities

35
Q

T/F? The nerve has its own blood supply.

A

True

36
Q

Where is grey matter located?

A

dendrites and cell bodies

37
Q

Where is white matter located?

A

myelinated axons that transmit data

38
Q

At the level of the cerebellum, there is an extra outer grey layer. (Grey-White-Grey). What is it composed of?

A

neurons which migrate from the central grey area often with the help of glia.

39
Q

What is MS?

A

An autoimmune condition whereby your own immune system misidentifies the myelin as a pathogen and attacks it so seriously, which compromises data transmission/functions.

40
Q

What other cells be involved in MS?

A

Macrophages, microglia, beta-cells/plasma cells

41
Q

T/F? MS is the most common cause or neural disability in young adults.

A

True

42
Q

The disease is characterized by periods of ________ and ________.

A

remission and relapse

43
Q

What are some symptoms of MS?

A

numbness, pain, disrupted vision, poor balance, slurred speech, incontinence, fatigue, depression, and muscle weakness, paralysis

44
Q

Although the cause of MS is not fully understood, what can it be due to?

A

Due to the inappropriate targeting of several proteins found in myelin that may resemble certain viral proteins

45
Q

What are two things that could trigger a relapse for MS?

A

stress and injury

46
Q

What has recent research of MS identified an imbalance of?

A

regulatory T-cells (helpers and suppressors)

47
Q

T/F? Although remission allows for some repair of myelin sheaths, the accumulative effects can cause a rapid decline in health.

A

True

48
Q

What reduces the risk of MS?

A

Vitamin D

49
Q

What are some risk factors for MS?

A

Smoking; changing environment; geographic location

50
Q

What is a treatment for MS that reduces the severity and duration of relapses?

A

anti-inflammatory steroids

51
Q

Although anti-inflammatory steroids reduce severity and duration of relapses, what do they not help?

A

Frequency

52
Q

What is interferon Beta-1a thought to strengthen?

A

the blood-brain barrier

53
Q

How is an immunomodulator work?

A

It may “divert” or “decoy” the immune system from attacking myelin as it mimics the structure of myelin basic protein

54
Q

How has mitoxantrone, a cancer treatment drug had success in MS?

A

it suppresses lymphocyte activity, which are the primary immune system cells that attack myelin

55
Q

How does Natalizumab, a monoclonal antibody work?

A

It blocks the adhesion molecule alpha4-integrin to slow lymphocyte egress into the CNS, but it has been reported to cause/allow other unwanted side effects such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, which is a viral condition causing progressive damage to myelin

56
Q

The S-1-P analog Fingolimod (phosphorylated similarly to sphingosine) was approved for the treatment of MS. What does it reduce?

A

reduces lymphocyte agrees into the CNS, but does so by excessive stimulation of the S1PR (GPR receptor for S-1-P) causing it to be internalized.

Pharmacy BSI (58 decks)

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