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Pharmacy BSI > BSI 2 Lecture 1: Hematology > Flashcards

BSI 2 Lecture 1: Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the total body fluid volume?

A

42 liters

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2
Q

Out of the total body fluid volume, how much is inside the cell (intracellular)?

A

28 liters

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3
Q

Out of the total body fluid volume, how much is outside the cell?

A

The remaining 14 liters

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4
Q

What can the 14 liters outside the cell be divided into?

A

11 liters of interstitial fluid and 3 liters of plasma

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5
Q

Where is plasma contained?

A

In the cardiovascular system, but it exchanges freely with the extracellular fluid which in turn exchanges with the intracellular fluid

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6
Q

In the breakdown of plasma, what is the major component of plasma?

A

Phospholipids (280 mg/dl)

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7
Q

Osmotic pressure from proteins is called _______ pressure

A

Oncotic

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8
Q

What is the most common plasma protein?

A

Albumin ( 5 g/dl)

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9
Q

What is the function of albumin?

A

It is responsible for 80% of plasma’s oncotic pressure, preventing excess fluid loss from circulation

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10
Q

Regardless of the route of administration, what are virtually all drugs circulated by?

A

The plasma

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11
Q

Where are plasma proteins primarily synthesized?

A

The liver (except for antibodies which are gamma globulins secreted by plasma cells)

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12
Q

Apart from their physical effect (oncotic pressure), what are plasma proteins crucial for?

A

The transport of certain molecules like steroids hormones. Binding to plasma proteins helps prevent inappropriate metabolism and/or excretion

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13
Q

What type of drug interacts with receptors?

A

Free

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14
Q

Plasma albumin is the most significant plasma protein due to its concentration. What types of drugs does it usually bind with?

A

Acidic drugs

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15
Q

What do basic drugs bind to, in the plasma?

A

Beta-globulin and acid glycoprotein

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16
Q

What happens once the binding is saturated (all binding sites are occupied)?

A

There is an increase in the amount of free drug

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17
Q

When there is an increase in the amount of free drug, what can happen?

A

They can compete for binding which can occasionally result in significant drug interactions

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18
Q

What are the general functions of plasma?

A

1) transport of nutrients for energy
2) growth and repair
3) removal of wastes
4) transport of hormones
5) regulation of body temperature

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19
Q

What are the cellular components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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20
Q

What are the functions of red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

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21
Q

What are the functions of white blood cells?

A

They are part of the immune system

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22
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A

They are involved with hemostasis (prevention of bleeding by blood clotting)

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23
Q

What percentage of total blood volume is plasma?

A

55%

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24
Q

What is plasma composed of by percentage?

A

91% water, 7% blood proteins, 2% nutrients

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25
Q

What are the blood proteins?

A

Fibrinogen, albumin, and globulin

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26
Q

What percentage of total blood volume is made up of cellular components?

A

45%

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27
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

A white section in between the plasma and red blood cells that consists of white blood cells and platelets

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28
Q

How many red blood cells are there, on average, per cubic millimeter?

A

about 5-6 million

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29
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A

The ratio of combined RBC, WBC, and platelets cell volume over the total blood volume. (~40% in males, ~36% in females)

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30
Q

What is the proper name for a red blood cell?

A

Erythrocyte

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31
Q

What is the description of an Erythrocyte?

A

A biconcave, enucleate, disc; salmon colored; diameter is 6-8 micrometers

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32
Q

How many red blood cells are in a microliter of blood?

A

4-6 million

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33
Q

How long does it take a red blood cell to develop?

A

5-7 days

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34
Q

How long is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

100-120 days

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35
Q

What is the proper name for a white blood cell?

A

A leukocyte

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36
Q

What is the description of a leukocyte?

A

Spherical, nucleated cells

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37
Q

How many neutrophils are in a cubic millimeter of blood?

A

3,000-7,000

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38
Q

What is the function of a neutrophil?

A

To destroy bacteria by phagocytosis

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39
Q

What are the functions of an eosinophil?

A

To turn of allergic responses and kill parasites

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40
Q

What is the function of a basophil?

A

To release histamine and other mediators of inflammation

41
Q

How many lymphocytes are found in a cubic millimeter of blood?

A

1500-3000

42
Q

What is the function of a lymphocyte?

A

To mount an immune response by direct cell attack (T cells) or via antibodies (B cells)

43
Q

What are the functions of a monocyte?

A

Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues

44
Q

How many platelets are found in a cubic millimeter of blood?

A

150,000-500,000

45
Q

How long does it take for platelets to develop?

A

4-5 days

46
Q

How long is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

5-10 days

47
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A

To seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting

48
Q

What type of protein is hemoglobin (Hb)?

A

Heterotetrameric ( 4 subunits composed of 2 different pairs)

49
Q

What is special about red blood cells that allows them to squeeze through the smallest capillaries?

A

They are deformable because of a large excess of plasma membranes

50
Q

How do red blood cells divide?

A

The can’t. They don’t have a nucleus, mitochondria, or endoplasmic reticulum

51
Q

How do red blood cells produce ATP?

A

Glycolysis

52
Q

Across the lifespan of a human, where are red blood cells produced?

A

from 8 months to 5 years they are produced in the long bones (tibia and femur). From then on, the long bones become fattier and stop producing, and the membranous bones (rib, sternum, vertebra) start producing them.

53
Q

When the long bones stop producing red blood cells, what do they start producing?

A

White blood cells

54
Q

Does the body produce nucleated red blood cells?

A

Yes, in the embryo, nucleated red blood cells are produced by the yolk sac. By the middle trimester, the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes are the main source

55
Q

Where do all blood cells originate from?

A

Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells

56
Q

Describe the colony-forming unit-erythrocyte stage (CFU-E).

A

This is the point where the cell is committed by differentiation to becoming a red blood cell, and it cannot become any other cell

57
Q

What controls RBC growth and production?

A

“growth inducers”. For example, interleukin-3 promotes growth and reproduction of virtually all types of committed cells, others are type specific.

58
Q

How is differentiation induced?

A

by “differentiation inducers” which are controlled by factors outside the bone marrow

59
Q

What is differentiation factor for red blood cells?

A

Usually decreased oxygen levels

60
Q

What are the stages of development of a red blood cell?

A

1) Proerythroblast
2) Basophil erythroblast
3) Polychromatophilic erythroblast
4) Orthochromatic erythroblast
5) Reticulocyte
6) Erythrocytes

61
Q

What is an important note about the reticulocyte stage?

A

This is the point at which the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum have either been ejected or absorbed because they have no further function

62
Q

How do reticulocytes turn into erythrocytes?

A

They leave the bone marrow and enter circulation where they mature into erythrocytes

63
Q

As successive stages occur in the formation of red blood cells, what happens to hemoglobin and the nucleus?

A

The nucleus gets smaller and smaller while hemoglobin continues to increase

64
Q

Through what process do reticulocytes leave the bone marrow?

A

Diapedesis: reticulocytes enter capillaries by squeezing between endothelial cells

65
Q

Why is the number of red blood cells tightly regulated?

A

Because you need a sufficient amount for oxygen transport, but if there are too many, it places enormous amounts of stress on the heart

66
Q

What happens in any condition that decreases the amount of oxygen to the tissues?

A

Increased red blood cell production

67
Q

What is anemia?

A

Decrease in the ability of blood to carry oxygen

68
Q

What major substance causes increased red blood cell production?

A

Erythropoietin

69
Q

Where is 90% of erythropoietin formed?

A

In the kidneys. The rest is formed in the liver

70
Q

What is erythropoietin and what secretes it?

A

It is a hormone secreted by tubular epithelial cells

71
Q

If there is damage to the kidneys, what happens to erythropoietin?

A

It doesn’t get created and can result in severe anemia

72
Q

How does erythropoietin increase red blood cell production?

A

It stimulates production of proerythroblasts and increases the rate of the maturation process by up to ten times the normal level

73
Q

What role does vitamin B 12 and Folic acid play in the life cycle of a red blood cell?

A

Vitamin B 12 and Folic acid increase DNA synthesis, and a deficiency could result in maturation failure. This can lead to the production of abnormal red blood cells called macrocytes

74
Q

What is a macrocyte?

A

cells that do not have the correct/strong/deformable shape of a normal red blood cell, and are often fragile with a significantly reduced lifespan

75
Q

How is hemoglobin synthesized?

A

1) 2 succinyl-CoA from the Krebs cycle combine with 2 glycines to form a pyrrole molecule
2) 4 pyrrole molecules combine to make protoporphyrin IX
3) An iron ion is added to protoporphyrin IX to make heme
4) Heme is added to a polypeptide globin to for a hemoglobin monomer

76
Q

How many types of globin variants are there?

A

4 (alpha, beta, gamma, delta)

77
Q

What is the most common adult version of Hb?

A

Hb that contains 2 alpha’s and 2 beta’s

78
Q

Why and how is fetal hemoglobin different from normal adult hemoglobin?

A

It has a higher affinity for oxygen so that is can be transported from the mother to the fetus

79
Q

In high oxygen concentrations how much oxygen binds to hemoglobin?

A

Each iron ion binds one oxygen molecule; therefore, a completely saturated molecule can hold 4 oxygen molecules

80
Q

T or F? Higher O2 concentration will cause more O2 to bind to Fe2+

A

True

81
Q

Fe2+ is important not only for transporting O2 but many other crucial proteins/enzymes such as __________________

A

Cytochromes

82
Q

The total body Fe is ~4-5gm, 65% of this is found where?

A

65% Bound to Hb
4% in muscle myoglobin
1% in heme-containing proteins
0.1% found in plasma bound to transferrin
30% stored in the liver bound to Ferritin

83
Q

What is the function of transferrin?

A

It transfers the Fe from the GI tract to the receptors on the developing erythrocyte membranes., once endocytosed it enters the mitochondria where heme is synthesized. Also, transport carries Fe to the liver to be stored as Ferritin

84
Q

Lack of transferrin can cause _____ anemia where red blood cells contain decreased amounts of Hb.

A

Hypochromic

85
Q

Where does RBC usually rupture/self-destruct?

A

In the spleen as the squeeze through the “red pulp” reticular mesh

86
Q

The released Hb is phagocytized by the macrophages of the _______, _______, and _____ cells

A

spleen, bone marrow, Kupffer

87
Q

When RBC’s are recycled, what happens to the Fe?

A

It is released back into the blood bound to transferrin

88
Q

What is a necessary component in bile for fat digestion?

A

Bilirubin (converted from recycled porphyrin from Hb in macrophages)

89
Q

T or F? Anemia due to blood loss may require 3-6 days for full recovery of RBC’s.

A

False, weeks not days (plasma loss could be replaced in 1-3 days)

90
Q

Lack of functioning bone marrow caused by x-rays and other forms of radiation etc is called ______

A

aplastic anemia

91
Q

Anemia due to lack of absorption of B12 in the GI tract is called _______________

A

pernicious anemia

92
Q

Anemia due to lack of absorption of B12 and folic acid in the GI tract is called __________

A

Sprue

93
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

An inherited condition in which the body produces fragile red blood cells that can easily burst resulting in a shorter lifespan

94
Q

Sickle cell anemia is due to a single _____ _____ change in a specific position in the globin polypeptide chain of Hb.

A

amino acid

95
Q

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

When Rh- mother has a baby with Rh+, where the mother’s antibodies attack the babies RBC’s resulting in a baby with severe anemia.

96
Q

What is the condition called when too many RBC’s are produced caused by a mutation which allows uncontrolled division of cells like cancer and making blood difficult to pump?

A

Polycythemia Vera

97
Q

What are the principal functions of blood?

A

O2 and CO2 transport, nutrient and waste transport, hormone distribution, temperature regulation.

98
Q

What protein is required in the GI tract for absorption of Fe and what mechanism is employed?

A

apotransferrin helping absorption of Fe via signal-mediated endocytosis

99
Q

What is Iron (Fe) used for besides making Hb?

A

Cytochromes for both ETC and drug metabolizing enzymes

Pharmacy BSI (58 decks)

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