Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacy BSI > BSI Lecture 49-50 Osteoporosis > Flashcards

BSI Lecture 49-50 Osteoporosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal serum osmolarity value?

A

290 mOsm/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T/F? Osteoporosis is the most common bone disorder.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Osteoporosis is generalized in that it includes all of what?

A

Osteoporosis includes all of the bones of the skeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two main characterizations of osteoporosis?

A

a) Loss of bone resulting from bone demineralization.

b) Increased brittleness due to decreased collagen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

As defined by the WHO (World Health Organization), how many standard deviations below the peak bone mass is the BMD of someone with osteoporosis?

A

2.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does BMD stand for?

A

Bone mass density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is BMD measured by?

A

DXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a T-score of >-1.0 considered?

A

normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a T-score of -1.0 to -2.5 considered?

A

Osteopenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a T-score of

A

Osteoporotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a T-score?

A

The number of standard deviations from the bone density that is normally expected in a healthy young adult of the same sex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a Z-score?

A

Your bone density compared with what is normally expected in a healthy adult of the same age and sex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

There are many causes of osteoporosis, but what is the final common outcome?

A

A reduction in the bone mass below a critical level, which causes an increased susceptibility to fractures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the main difference between primary and secondary osteoporosis?

A

Primary osteoporosis is caused by cumulative bone loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Type 1 osteoporosis?

A

Postmenopausal osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F? Type 1 osteoporosis is considered the most common type of osteoporosis.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the cause of Type 1 osteoporosis?

A

A lack of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is type 2 primary or secondary?

A

Primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is type 2 osteoporosis?

A

Senile osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does type 2 osteoporosis deal with?

A

A decrease in the enzyme 1-alpha-hydroxylase

21
Q

What is the function of the enzyme 1-alpha-hydroxylase, and where is it located?

A

This is an enzyme located in the kidney that activates vitamin D.

22
Q

What type of osteoporosis falls under secondary osteoporosis?

A

Type 3

23
Q

What is type 3 most often caused from?

A

disease or drug therapy

24
Q

How many women and men over the age of 50 will experience an osteoporosis-related fracture?

A

1 in 2 women and 1 in 4 men

25
Q

By 2050, what is the estimated amount of hip fractures?

A

6.3 million

26
Q

How many people die within the first year after a hip fracture?

A

20%

27
Q

Why is osteoporosis considered a silent disease?

A

The first symptom is a fractured bone

28
Q

What area of bone is the area most affected? What are some examples of these bones?

A

Areas of bone with mostly spongy bone–The neck and femur are some examples.

29
Q

T/F? In severe cases, contraction of the muscle in daily activity can cause a fracture.

A

True

30
Q

What are common consequences of osteoporosis?

A

Pain, fear, isolation, depression, height loss, kyphosis

31
Q

What is kyphosis, and what is the most common side effect of the condition?

A

Hunchback, which can lead to a compression of internal organs.

32
Q

What may kyphosis restrict?

A

Lung function

33
Q

What are some digestive problems potentially caused as a result of kyphosis?

A

Loss of appetite, constipation, abdominal pain and distention, and weight loss which may lead to more frailty

34
Q

What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
  1. Low peak bone mass
  2. Low calcium and vitamin D intake
  3. Lack of exercise
  4. Environmental factors
  5. Aging
  6. Low levels of estrogen
35
Q

What is the primary effect of osteoporosis?

A

Genetics

36
Q

What is the variance of peak bone mass accounted for by genetic factors?

A

80%, while the other 20% is accounted for by nutrition, exercise, and hormonal status

37
Q

What are the two main environmental factors?

A

Smoking and alcohol consumption of more than 3 drinks/day

38
Q

How does aging contribute to osteoporosis?

A

Loss of bone due to demineralization, and brittleness due to decreased synthesis of collagen.

39
Q

How do low levels of estrogens contribute to osteoporosis?

A

Loss of estrogen during menopause, which decreases osteoblast activity, and increased activity of osteoclasts.

40
Q

What are the targets of treatment for osteoporosis?

A

Treatment of fractures, management of pain from fractures, and pharmacologic therapies.

41
Q

How do bisphosphonates work to treat osteoporosis?

A

Bisphosphonates promote osteoclast apoptosis. In addition, they inhibit bone resorption by osteoclasts. they impair osteoclasts from forming a ruffled border by attaching to hydroxyapatite binding sites on bony surfaces.

42
Q

How does calcitonin work on osteoporosis?

A

Calcitonin inhibits the activity of osteoclasts.

43
Q

How does Denosumab work on osteoporosis?

A

It is an antibody that binds RANKL

44
Q

How does Recombinant PTH, such as Teriparatide, work on osteoporosis?

A

It activates osteoblasts more than osteoclast, which leads to an overall increase in bone. It is identical to a portion of human PTH.

45
Q

How do estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators work on osteoporosis?

A

They aim to inhibit bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclasts.

46
Q

Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis is:

A

secondary osteoporosis

47
Q

How do glucocorticoids impact osteoporosis?

A

They work to suppress the immune system, and osteoporosis is a side effect.

48
Q

What effect does menopause have on the RANKL/RANK/OPG system?

A

decreased estrogen increases RANKL and decreases OPG. Estrogen normally functions to protect bone.

Pharmacy BSI (58 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions