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Pharmacy BSI > BSI Lecture 46 Bone Structure > Flashcards

BSI Lecture 46 Bone Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the bone and skeletal system?

A

a) Supports soft tissues and provides attachment for skeletal muscle
b) protects internal organs
c) Assists in movement
d) Mineral homeostasis
e) Blood cell production
f) triglyceride storage
g) endocrine function

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2
Q

What are the different parts of the long bone?

A

a) diaphysis
b) epiphyses
c) metaphyses
d) periosteum
e) medullary cavity
f) nutrient artery

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3
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The shaft of the long bone

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4
Q

What are the epiphyses?

A

The distal and proximal ends of the long bone

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5
Q

What kind of cartilage does the epiphyses contain?

A

Articular cartilage

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6
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses

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7
Q

What are the two parts of the metaphyses?

A

The epiphyseal plate and the epiphyseal line

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8
Q

What is the difference between the epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line?

A

the plate is the layer of hyaline cartilage that allows for bone to grow in length, whereas the line is cartilage replaced with bone.

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9
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

It is the sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the surface of the bone.

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10
Q

What are the functions of the periosteum?

A

The periosteum protects bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons.

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11
Q

What is the medullary cavity, and what does it contain?

A

It is the space within the diaphysis that contains the endosteum.

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12
Q

What is the endosteum and where is it located?

A

It is the thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity . It is located within the medullary cavity.

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13
Q

What is the nutrient artery?

A

It is the principle artery that supplies the shaft of the bone.

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14
Q

Where do the branches of the nutrient artery go through?

A

They snake through the canals of haversian systems and other cavities of the bone.

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15
Q

Where does the nutrient artery enter?

A

It enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen.

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16
Q

What is the bone matrix consisted of?

A

inorganic mineral salts deposited on organic framework (osteoid).

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17
Q

What is the bone matrix comprised of?

A

25% water
25% collagen fibers
50% mineralized salt

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18
Q

What is the most abundant protein making up the organic matrix?

A

collagen fibers

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19
Q

What are the inorganic mineral salts in bone?

A

hydroxyapatite
magnesium hydroxide
fluoride
sulfate

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20
Q

What is hydroxyapatite comprised of?

A

Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate

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21
Q

What is the most abundant mineral salt in bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

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22
Q

What do crystallized salts give the bone?

A

The crystallized salts give the bone hardness

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23
Q

What does collagen give to the bone?

A

Collagen gives the bone its flexibility and tensile strength

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24
Q

What are the four types of cells in bone tissue?

A

osteogenic cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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25
Q

What are osteogenic cells also considered?

A

“pre-osteoblast” cells

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26
Q

What do osteogenic cells differentiate into?

A

Osteoblasts

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27
Q

What are undifferentiated stem cells?

A

osteogenic cells are derived from the mesenchyme, which is the tissue that all connective tissues are derived from

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28
Q

Where are osteogenic cells found?

A

They are found along the inner portion of the periosteum, endosteum, and its canals within bone that contain blood vessels.

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29
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

They are bone building cells that synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other components of the matrix.

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30
Q

How do osteoblasts initiate calcification?

A

They secrete alkaline phosphatase

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31
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells (senescent osteoblasts)

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32
Q

What do osteocytes act as?

A

Mechanosensory receptors

33
Q

T/F? Osteocytes undergo cell division.

A

FALSE

34
Q

What do osteocytes play a major role in?

A

orchestrating bone remodeling

35
Q

Where are osteoclasts derived from?

A

stem cells in the bone marrow that gives rise to monocytes

36
Q

T/F? Differentiation and fusion of the monocytes in osteoclasts form single-nucleated osteoclasts.

A

FALSE, multinucleated

37
Q

What are osteoclasts responsible for?

A

Bone resorption

38
Q

What are the steps of bone resorption?

A
  1. Ruffled border forms a seal with bone surface.
  2. Releases lysosomal enzymes and acids to digest matrix.
  3. When the osteoclast is active, the ruffled border is more pronounced.
39
Q

What are the regions of bone classified as?

A

Compound bone, and spongy bone

40
Q

What is compact bone also considered?

A

cortical bone

41
Q

What is the compact bone arranged in?

A

Units called osteons (aversion systems)

42
Q

What are the various units of compact bone called?

A

osteons

43
Q

What are the five osteons?

A
  • central (haversion) canal
  • perforating (volkmans) canal
  • concentric lamellae and inner and outer circumferential lamellae
  • lacunae
  • canaliculi
44
Q

What is the central (haversion) canal?

A

a canal that runs longitudinally through bone and through osteon; it contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

45
Q

What is the perforating (volkmans) canal?

A

canal that connects the central canals to one another, to medullary cavity, and to the periosteum

46
Q

T/F? Concentric lamellae and inner and outer circumferential lamellae are the rings of the hard calcified matrix.

A

TRUE

47
Q

What are the lacunae?

A

They’re the spaces in the matrix that house the osteocytes.

48
Q

What are the canaliculi?

A

They are small channels that are filled with extracellular fluid connecting adjacent lacunae.

49
Q

What do the canaliculi contain?

A

They contain fingerlike processes of osteocytes, which communicate via gap junctions with neighboring osteocytes.

50
Q

What are two other names for spongy bone?

A

Cancellous or trabecular bone

51
Q

What is a big difference between spongy and compact bone, in relation to their structure?

A

Spongy bone contains more spaces

52
Q

T/F? Spongy bone is arranged in osteons.

A

FALSE; it is NOT arranged in osteons

53
Q

T/F? In certain bones, spongy bone houses RBCs.

A

True

54
Q

How is the bone tissue arranged in spongy bone?

A

Bone tissue is arranged in lamellae

55
Q

What does spongy bone contain?

A
  • trabeculae
  • lacunae
  • canaliculi
56
Q

What is trabeculae?

A

It is an irregular lattice work of columns of bone

57
Q

What part of the bone does spongy bone make up?

A

makes up most bone tissue of short, flat, irregularly shaped bones, epiphyses of long bone, and narrow rim around the medullary cavity.

58
Q

What are the two kinds of bone marrow?

A

Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow

59
Q

What does red bone marrow contain?

A

It contains developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within a network of reticular fiber.

60
Q

What does red bone marrow produce?

A

It produces red and white blood cells and platelets.

61
Q

Where is yellow bone marrow located?

A

It is located within the medullary cavity.

62
Q

How does red bone marrow produce red and white blood cells and platelets?

A

Via hemopoiesis

63
Q

What does yellow bone marrow contain?

A

Mostly contains adipocytes

64
Q

What does yellow bone marrow store?

A

triglycerides for energy reserve

65
Q

T/F? With increasing age, much of the bone marrow changes from yellow to red.

A

FALSE. It changes from red to yellow.

66
Q

What is the bone richly supplied with?

A

Blood vessels

67
Q

How are pain messages transmitted within the bone?

A

Nerves follow vessels into bone tissue, where they sense damage and then transmit pain messages

68
Q

How are osteocytes provided for?

A

Nutrient artery and vein pass through nutrient canal and send branches into the central canals of osteons to provide for osteocytes.

69
Q

Which hormone is secreted from bone?

A

Osteocalcin, which functions to regulate blood glucose levels.

70
Q

What is the major organic component of the bone matrix?

A

Collagen

71
Q

What is the ultimate function of osteoclasts?

A

Bone resorption

72
Q

How do osteoclasts arise?

A

Fusion of monocytes

73
Q

What do osteoclasts secrete?

A

Lysosomal enzymes

74
Q

How do osteoblasts arise?

A

Differentiation of pro-osteogenic cells

75
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete?

A

secrete collagen and alkaline phosphatase

76
Q

How do osteocytes arise?

A

maturation of osteoblasts

77
Q

T/F? Bones are considered epithelial tissue.

A

FALSE; they are connective tissue

78
Q

T/F? Compact bone and spongy bone are both organized into osteons.

A

FALSE. Spongy bone is arranged in lamellae.

Pharmacy BSI (58 decks)

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