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Pharmacy BSI > BSI 2 Lecture 8-10: Immunology > Flashcards

BSI 2 Lecture 8-10: Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is responsible for the specificity of the acquired immune response?

A

Specific antigens

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2
Q

What allows the body to generate immunity against invading bacteria, viruses, toxins, and foreign tissues?

A

Lymphocytes

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3
Q

How do lymphocytes generate immunity?

A

1) Produce specific antibodies

2) attack and destroy the invader

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4
Q

What type of lymphocytes produce a humoral response by synthesizing circulating antibodies that target the invader for destruction?

A

B-lymphocytes

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5
Q

What type of lymphocytes produce activated “killer cells” that directly destroy the invaders?

A

T-lymphocytes

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6
Q

What are antigens recognized by?

A

Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

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7
Q

The different blood group antigens (A and B), are due to different ___________ on a surface glycoprotein.

A

Sugar residues

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8
Q

What do T-lymphocytes need to activate them specifically?

A

Antigen Presenting Cells

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9
Q

Define: Antigens

A

Molecules that are identified as foreign and produce an immune response

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10
Q

What is the name for the repeating/reoccurring molecular groups?

A

Epitopes

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11
Q

Where are B-cells produced?

A

Prior to birth they are processed in the liver, after birth they are made in the bone marrow

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12
Q

Where are lymphocytes activated?

A

In peripheral lymphoid organs

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13
Q

What are the functions of B-cells?

A

1) Initiate antibody-mediated immune responses
2) Transform into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies
3) Present antigens to helper T cells

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14
Q

What is the function of a cytotoxic T cell (CD8 cells)?

A

Bind to antigens on plasma membrane of target cells and directly destroy the cells

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15
Q

What is the function of Helper T cells (CD4 cells)?

A

Secrete cytokines that help to activate B cells, T cells, NK cells, and macrophages

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16
Q

What are the functions of NK cells?

A

1) Bind directly and nonspecifically to virus-infected cells and kill them
2) Function as killer cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

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17
Q

Where are Plasma cells produced?

A

In peripheral lymphoid organs; differentiate from B cells during immune responses

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18
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A

To secrete antibodies

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19
Q

Can B-cells produce antibodies?

A

No, they have to transform into plasma cells in order to secrete antibodies

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20
Q

What type of cell can’t present a recognition to the a cytotoxic T cell?

A

Red blood cells

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21
Q

What is the power house of acquired immunity?

A

Lymphocytes

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22
Q

What filters the lymph?

A

Lymphnodes

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23
Q

What filters blood?

A

Spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and liver

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24
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes

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25
Q

Where do these lymphocytes derive from?

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

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26
Q

Where do nearly all lymphocytes reside?

A

In lymphoid tissues

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27
Q

Where do potential T-lymphocytes first migrate?

A

Thymus

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28
Q

Where are B-lymphocytes processed before birth?

A

Liver

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29
Q

Where are B-lymphocytes processed throughout life?

A

Bone marrow

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30
Q

Once in the thymus, T-lymphocytes divide rapidly and develop specific reactivity to how many antigens?

A

One

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31
Q

What is the most important thing that happens to T-lymphocytes while in the thymus?

A

They are checked to ensure that they do not respond to any of the body’s own tissues or “self-antigens”

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32
Q

If the thymus is responsible for processing T-lymphocytes, can it be removed?

A

Yes, it processes prior to and right after birth. So you don’t have to have it.

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33
Q

What happens when a lymphocyte comes in contact with the specific antigen that it has been programmed to respond to?

A

It causes rapid cell division which produced increased numbers of lymphocytes with identical specificity

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34
Q

How is a great diversity of antigens achieved despite being encoded for by only 100-1000 genes?

A

Shuffling of gene segments during processing

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35
Q

How can macrophages, B-cells, and dendritic cells activate lymphocytes?

A

After engulfing a pathogen, it can present the antigen of the pathogen directly to the correct lymphocyte

36
Q

What do macrophages secrete to promote further reproduction and growth of lymphocyte clones?

A

Interleukin-1

37
Q

What are the three events required for activation of Helper T-Lymphocytes?

A

1) Presentation of an antigen bound to MHC II protein on APC or B-cell
2) Binding of matching non-antigenic proteins on Helper and APC or B-cell
3) Secretion, by APC or B-cell, of cytokines including IL-1 and TNF which act on the Helper lymphocyte

38
Q

T-lymphocytes only respond when the antigen is bound to special surface molecules called ________

A

Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHCs)

39
Q

What are the three major types of APCs?

A

Macrophages, B-lymphocytes, and Dendritic cells

40
Q

How many classes of MHC proteins are there?

A

2

41
Q

MHC1 presents to what lymphocyte?

A

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

42
Q

MHC2s present to what lymphocyte?

A

Helper T cells

43
Q

Where are T-cells produced?

A

They are produced in the bone marrow and them processed in the thymus

44
Q

What do Helper T-cells do?

A

They secrete lymphokines that enhances the activation of processed B-lymphocytes

45
Q

Without the enhancement form Helper T-cells, what would happen to the number of antibodies?

A

The number of antibodies secreted by B-cells would be insufficient, and the immune response wouldn’t be great

46
Q

Can a B-cell act as an APC?

A

Yes, immunoglobulin receptors can bind with antigens to engulf them and present them on an MHC II protein

47
Q

What are the steps of an activated B-cell becoming a plasma cell?

A

Activated B-cell –> lymphoblast –> plasmoblast –> plasma cell

48
Q

What is the primary response?

A

When you are introduced to a pathogen for the first time and your body produces antibodies to mount an immune response

49
Q

What is a secondary response?

A

This is a greater more rapid response because your body has been introduced to this pathogen before and it is recognized by memory cells. This is why immunizations are important.

50
Q

Do all activated B-cells become plasma cells?

A

No, some turn into memory cells

51
Q

About how long does it take the body to form an immune response to a new pathogen?

A

About a week with a low number of antibodies that are produced for a few days to weeks

52
Q

How long does the body take to start a secondary immune response?

A

A few hours with a high number antibodies that are produced for a few months

53
Q

Most antigens are ______ meaning they have two binding sites.

A

Bivalent

54
Q

What does the constant portion of the antibody determine?

A

General properties like opsonization

55
Q

What causes specificity at the binding site of an antigen?

A

Amino acids

56
Q

What are the five classes of antibodies?

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

57
Q

Which antibody (immunoglobulin) is the most numerous in the body?

A

IgG making of 75% of all antibodies

58
Q

What is IgG responsible for?

A

Immune response in the thymus

59
Q

What is IgA responsible for?

A

Immune function of mucus membranes

60
Q

What is IgM responsible for?

A

Presented on B-cells/control of B-cells

61
Q

What is IgE responsible for?

A

Allergy responses

62
Q

What is IgD responsible for?

A

Co-expressed with IgM on B-cells

63
Q

What are the 4 actions of antibodies?

A

1) Agglutination
2) Precipitation
3) Neutralization
4) Lysis

64
Q

What is agglutination?

A

large invaders become bound together by antibodies and form clumps

65
Q

What is Precipitation?

A

Linked molecules become so large they become insoluble

66
Q

What is Neutralization?

A

Bind antibodies cover and therefore inactivate toxic sites

67
Q

What is lysis?

A

Rupture cell membranes (usually requires amplification from the complement pathway)

68
Q

What starts the Classic complement cascade?

A

A specific antigen/antibody (IgM or IgG) binding where the constant portion of the antibody binds to C1 and activates it

69
Q

What is C3b responsible for?

A

Opsonization of bacteria

70
Q

What complement factors activate mast cells and basophils?

A

C3a, C4a, and C5a

71
Q

Which complement factor is responsible for chemotaxis of white blood cells (neutrophils and macrophages)?

A

C5a

72
Q

What are the 4 types of T cells?

A

Helper, Cytotoxic, Suppressor, and Natural killer cells

73
Q

What is the most numerous T-lymphocyte?

A

Helper T-lymphocytes

74
Q

Why are Helper T-cells so important?

A

They activate both suppressor and cytotoxic T-cells, and stimulate C-cell growth into plasma cells

75
Q

How do cytotoxic T-cells kill pathogens?

A

They puncture holes in their membrane with perforin proteins, and then they release cytotoxic substances into their targets

76
Q

Where is the MHC I protein found?

A

On all nucleated cells

77
Q

How are NK cells different than Cytotoxic T-cells?

A

They are not antigen specific and they do NOT use MHC proteins

78
Q

What are the major cytokines from Helper T-cells that cause NK cells to proliferate and secrete their cell-killing hormones?

A

IL-2 and interferon-gamma

79
Q

Do NK cells require IL-2 and interferon-gamma to be activated?

A

No, this is why they are also part of the innate immune response

80
Q

In the general systemic effects of infection, which Interleukins are released?

A

IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF

81
Q

What are some general responses from the systemic effects of infection?

A

1) increased WBC production
2) increased plasma fatty acids
3) increased amino acids
4) increased acute phase proteins
5) increased cortisol

82
Q

What is Rheumatic fever?

A

When the body becomes sensitized to tissues in joints and heart valves after exposure to specific Streptococcal toxins

83
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis is probably due to?

A

A virus with similar antigenic properties to myelin

84
Q

What happens with Poison Ivy toxin?

A

The initial exposure induces a mild response, but after repeated exposures the response becomes so extreme that healthy tissue is harmed

85
Q

Allergic tendency is inherited and characterized by excessive _____ antibodies in the blood.

A

IgE

86
Q

Inactive complement proteins are formed in the ________ and travel around in the ________ until activated.

A

Liver, bloodstream

Pharmacy BSI (58 decks)

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