BSI Lecture 15-16 Cell Signaling Flashcards
What do secretory cells release that are recognized by SPECIFIC receptors?
Chemical messengers
Many pharmaceutical drugs target specific __________
Receptors
Chemical messengers sent throughout the body via circulation is _________
Endocrine
Chemical messengers that act locally on adjacent cells is _______
Paracrine
Chemical messengers acting on the cell that secreted it is _____
Autocrine
Chemical messengers released across a synapse from a neuron is _________
Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters across a synapses can affect neurons or “effectors” such as ______ or ______.
Muscles; glands
Chemical messengers that are never released but requires physical contact is ____________.
Contact dependent
Chemical messengers can affect every aspect of a cell function such as (5 of them)
1) Growth
2) Differentiation
3) Metabolism
4) Processing of data
5) Programmed cell death
In order for a cell to survive, a cell needs to be receiving a signal from ______ ______
Growth factors
T or F? Cells in the body are subject to only ONE messenger at a time.
False, usually cells are subject to a “cocktail” of different messengers
Most chemical messengers cannot cross the cell membrane so they must be recognized by a specific cell surface receptor: binding the correct messenger causes a conformational change in the receptor, a protein, which is then transmitted intracellularly. This is called what?
Signal transduction
After signal transduction, “activated” receptor then affects various ______ _________ to produce its desired response.
Signaling pathways
Which of Dr. Wrights’ mechanisms require extracellular recognition of the signaling molecule.
Mechanisms 1, 2, and 3
Name the 5 main components in a typical signal transduction?
1) Extracellular signal molecule
2) Receptor proteins
3) Intracellular signaling molecules
4) Effector proteins
5) Cell responses
______ _______ are molecules produced inside the cell that causes a response.
Secondary messengers
Calcium, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are examples of what?
Secondary messengers
T or F? Calcium is produced and acts as a secondary messenger.
False, calcium is released not produced
_________ stage increase the signals throughout the cell; turns 1 signal into a million products.
Amplification
T or F? Kinases phosphorolates a specific protein after being activated by a specific pathway.
True
T or F? Kinase phosphorolates a target protein, turning them on.
False, it can either turn it on or off
T or F? Signal transduction is a linear path?
False
What kind of chemical messengers are able to cross the cell membrane and what are they recognize by?
Hydrophobic molecules; Intracellular receptors (or enzymes)
Aldosterone, Cortisol, Testosterone are examples of _____ hormones.
Steroid