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Pharmacy BSI > BSI Lecture 35-38 Lipid Metabolism/Ketogenesis > Flashcards

BSI Lecture 35-38 Lipid Metabolism/Ketogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Where are lipid/fats stored?

A

Adipose tissue

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2
Q

______ can be used as fuel via aerobic metabolism.

A

Triglycerides

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3
Q

Removal of fatty acid from triglycerides (in adipocytes) is called _______

A

Lipolysis

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4
Q

What enzyme removes fatty acids from glycerol?

A

Hormone-sensitive lipase

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5
Q

T or F? Fatty acids diffuse from adipose cells into the blood, transported to other tissues for use where they actively diffuse into the cytosol.

A

False, passively diffuse

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6
Q

What are the products after the activation of hormone-sensitive lipase?

A

TAG, DAG, MAG, and glycerol

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7
Q

T or F? Glucagon stimulates lipolysis?

A

True

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8
Q

T or F? Epinephrine inhibits lipolysis?

A

False, stimulates

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9
Q

T or F? Insulin stimulates lipolysis?

A

False, inhibits

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10
Q

When are fatty acids considered “activated”?

A

When CoA is added to it

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11
Q

T or F? Free Fatty Acid can pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

False, they cannot pass through

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12
Q

Fatty acids need to be ______ to pass through the mitochondria membranes.

A

Modified

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13
Q

T or F? Fatty acids are modified into fatty acetyl-CoA.

A

False, Acyl-CoA

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14
Q

What enzyme catalyzes fatty acids in order for it to pass through the outer mitochondria membrane?

A

Acyl-CoA Synthase

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15
Q

Fatty acyl-CoA has to be modified into __________ before it can pass through to the matrix.

A

Acyl-Carnitine

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16
Q

How is fatty acyl-carnitine transported across the membrane?

A

Via Carnitine/acyl-carnitine translocase

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17
Q

What happens to acyl-carnitine once it enters the matrix?

A

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase II removes carnitine and adds CoA to Acyl resynthesizing Acyl-CoA

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18
Q

What happens to carnitine molecule after it is removed from acyl?

A

It is transported out of the matrix by carnitine/acyl-carnitine translocase for reuse

19
Q

What is the limiting factor for fatty acid oxidation?

A

Transport of fatty acid into the mitochondria matrix via the Carnitine System.

20
Q

Where does Beta-oxidation occur within the cell?

A

Mitochondria matrix

21
Q

How many steps are involved beta-oxidation?

A

4

22
Q

_____ ______ undergo oxidative removal of successive 2-carbon units in the form of acetyl-Coa.

A

Fatty acids

23
Q

What is produced after each cycle of beta-oxidation?

A

1-FADH2
1- NADH
1-Acetyl-CoA

24
Q

What happens to Acetyl-CoA after it is produced via beta-oxidation?

A

Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle and is oxidized to CO2 and H2O

25
Q

T or F? Fatty acids can be used as fuel under anaerobic conditions?

A

False, only under aerobic conditions

26
Q

Where does the formation of ketone bodies come from?

A

Acetyl-CoA

27
Q

Where does ketogenesis occur in the body?

A

In the mitochondria of the liver

28
Q

What are the 3 ketone bodies?

A

Acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate, acetone

29
Q

T or F? Ketones can only be used by the liver.

A

False, they can be used as fuel by various tissues.

30
Q

When ketone bodies are used as fuel, what happens to it once it is taken up by the cell?

A

It is converted back into acetyl-CoA, which can then enter the Krebs cycle

31
Q

Why don’t ketone bodies normally accumulate within the body?

A

They are metabolized as fast as they are produced.

32
Q

What is Ketogenesis?

A

The formation of ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA

33
Q

Insulin inhibits or stimulates Ketogenesis?

A

Inhibits

34
Q

Glucagon inhibits or stimulates Ketogenesis?

A

Stimulates

35
Q

What can happen when ketone bodies are produced at a faster rate than the body can utilize them?

A

It can lead to ketosis or ketoacidosis

36
Q

High beta-oxidation and low carbohydrate use can lead to ______

A

Ketosis (possibly ketoacidosis but rare)

37
Q

When glucose levels are low OAA will be used for ______, which depletes it for the Krebs cycle.

A

Gluconeogenesis

38
Q

T or F? High carbohydrate leads to a decrease in Krebs cycle intermediates and decreased rate of Kreb cycle.

A

False, low carbohydrate

39
Q

Slightly elevated levels of ketone bodies is called _____

A

Ketosis

40
Q

Uncontrolled and extreme form of ketosis is called _________

A

Ketoacidosis

41
Q

T or F? Ketone bodies are STRONG acids

A

True

42
Q

Extreme levels of ketone bodies can do what to the blood.

A

Lower pH of the blood to dangerous levels (<7.2)

43
Q

Why can lowering the pH of blood be dangerous?

A

It impairs ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen

44
Q

Ketoacidosis will most often occur in patients with what condition?

A

Untreated type 1 diabetes

Pharmacy BSI (58 decks)

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