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Pharmacy BSI > BSI Lecture 31 Glycolysis and Lactic Acidosis > Flashcards

BSI Lecture 31 Glycolysis and Lactic Acidosis Flashcards

1
Q

What cellular process uses the most ATP?

A
  1. Protein synthesis 27%
  2. Na+/K+ ATPase 24%
  3. Gluconeogenesis 9%
  4. Ca2+ ATPase 6%
  5. Myosin ATPase 5%
  6. Ureagenesis 3%
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2
Q

________ refers to all chemical reactions occurring in the body (usually ordered in metabolic pathways).

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

_______ reactions release energy stored in organic molecules.

A

Catabolic

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4
Q

_______ reaction refers to catabolic reactions.

A

Exergonic

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5
Q

_______ reactions are synthesis reactions that consume energy

A

Anabolic

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6
Q

______ reactions refers to Anabolic reactions.

A

Endergonic

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7
Q

If “foodstuff” was oxidized in one reaction, what would happen to the energy?

A

It would be lost as heat and no energy would be stored

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8
Q

T or F? If “foodstuff” is oxidized in a stepwise manner, the free energy released can be stored in ATP.

A

True

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9
Q

T or F? Stepwise manner stores energy in ATP, ATP is then used for exergonic reactions.

A

False, used for endergonic reactions

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10
Q

This process is an incomplete oxidation of sugar.

A

Glycolysis

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11
Q

Energy comes from the breaking of _______ _______

A

Chemical bonds

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12
Q

In glycolysis, 1 glucose will turn into how many pyruvates?

A

2

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13
Q

Using oxygen, _______ can then enter the mitochondria for further oxidation.

A

Pyruvate

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14
Q

_______ produces immediate energy.

A

Glycolysis

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15
Q

______ is limiting in its abiity to continuously meet demands of cell.

A

Glycolysis

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16
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in cell?

A

Cytosol

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17
Q

What is the net ATP produced in glycolysis?

A

2

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18
Q

Glycolysis: Glucose is phosphorylated by what enzyme.

A

Hexokinase (Glucokinase if in the liver)

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19
Q

In the liver, the enzyme that phosphorylate glucose is called ______

A

Glucokinase

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20
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate is turned into what by Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase?

A

Fructose-6-phosphate

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21
Q

Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated by what enzyme?

A

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

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22
Q

After PFK has phosphorylated, what is the product?

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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23
Q

How many carbons does fructose have?

A

6

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24
Q

Glycolysis: The fructose molecule is split into 2 molecules by what enzyme.

A

Aldolase

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25
Q

Glycolysis: Two molecules are produced from fructose splitting, what are they?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

26
Q

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is isomerized into a second molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by what enzyme?

A

Triosephosphate isomerase

27
Q

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized and then phosphorylated by _________`

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

28
Q

T or F? Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is phosphorylated into 1,2-biphosphoglycerate.

A

False, 1,3-diphosphoglycerate

29
Q

What else is produced after Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is phosphorylated?

A

NADH + H+

30
Q

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is phosphorylated by what enzyme?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

31
Q

After phosphoglycerate kinase phosphorylates, what are the products made?

A

3-phosphoglycerate and ATP

32
Q

Where does the phosphate come from when 3-Phophoglycerate + ATP is produced?

A

1,3 biphosphoglycerate donates a phosphate to ADP

33
Q

Phosphoglycerate mutase rearranges 3-phosphoglycerate into ____________

A

2-phosphoglycerate

34
Q

Enolase removes H20 from 2-phosphoglyerate to produce _____.

A

phosphoenolpyruvate

35
Q

Pyruvate and ATP are produced after _____________ kinase removes a phosphate from _______ to phosphorylate ATP.

A

Pyruvate; phosphoenolpyruvate

36
Q

In the Glycolytic pathway, which 2 steps utilizes ATP?

A
  1. When hexokinase phosphorylates glucose.

2. When phosphofructokinase phosphorylates fructose 6-phosphate.

37
Q

In the Glycolytic pathway, which 2 steps is ATP created?

A
  1. When phosphoglycerate kinase phosphorylates ATP by removing a phosphate from 1,3diphosphoglycerate.
  2. When pyruvate kinase phosphorylates ATP by removing phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate.
38
Q

In the Glycolytic pathway, which step does 2 NAD+ and 2 phosphate come into play?

A

When glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase phosphorylates glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

39
Q

What does NAD+ do to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

A

Strips electrons and transport it to the ETC

40
Q

T or F? Pyruvate can be oxidized into lactate by lactate dehydrogenase.

A

False, reduced.

41
Q

Oxidation is the _____ of electrons.

Reduction is the _____ of electrons.

A 
Oxidation is the \_\_\_\_\_ of electrons.
Reduction is the \_\_\_\_\_ of electrons.
Loss; Gain
(OIL RIG
Oxidation Is Loss
Reduction Is Gain)
42
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase reduces pyruvate+NADH+H into _____ + _____.

A

lactate + NAD+

43
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis: ___ glucose —> ___ pyruvate —> ___ lactate (nets ___ ATP) [fill in with numbers]

A

1;2;2;2

44
Q

T or F? Anaerobic glycolysis is complete oxidation of glucose

A

False, incomplete

45
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis occurs if _____ NOT available.

A

oxygen

46
Q

T or F? Pyruvate enters the nucleus for further oxidation only if oxygen is available.

A

False, mitochondria

47
Q

What is the purpose of reducing pyruvate to lactate during anaerobic conditions?

A

Important because NADH needs to recycled to NAD+ to grab electrons

48
Q

What can happen to the build up of lactate?

A
  1. Other cells/tissues that are better oxygenated can take it up and use it for energy.
  2. Liver can take it up and use it for gluconeogenesis.
    3 Can be eliminated by kidneys
49
Q

A drop in pH resulting from condition where the production of H+ exceeds the removal of H+ accompanied by a build-up of lactate in the blood is called ______ _____

A

Lactic acidosis

50
Q

Regulation of glycolysis: ____ must be maintained within limits.

A

ATP

51
Q

What are the regulation of glycolysis?

A
  1. Rate limiting enzymes
  2. Things that stimulate glycolysis: ADP & Pi (low energy status), inisulin, epinephrine.
  3. Things that inhibits glycolysis: ATP (high energy status) and glucagon.
52
Q

T or F Glucagon inhibits glycolysis only in the liver; glucagon has no effect in other tissues.

A

True

53
Q

What are the rate limiting enzymes?

A
  1. Hexokinase
  2. PFK
  3. Pyruvate kinase
54
Q

High blood glucose levels, among other things, stimulate secretion of _____ from pancreatic B-cells.

A

Insulin

55
Q

T or F? Insulin stimulates uptake of blood glucose by various tissues and stimulates catabolic reactions.

A

False, anabolic

56
Q

T or F? Insulin inhibits catabolic reactions.

A

True

57
Q

T or F? The brain does not need insulin to take up glucose.

A

True

58
Q

Low blood glucose levels, stimulate secretion of ______ from pancreatic alpha-cells.

A

Glucagon

59
Q

Glucagon stimulates ______ reactions and inhibits ____ reactions.

A

catabolic; anabolic

60
Q

______ leads to the accumulation of lactate.

A

hypoxia

Pharmacy BSI (58 decks)

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