BSI Lecture 23 Apoptosis Flashcards
T or F? Cell death need to balanced in an adult organism
True
Which way is a messy cell death?
Necrosis
The “messy way of dying”
Necrosis
Necrosis is cell death due to ____ or _____ insult
injury; severe
Which way of cell death leads to cell and organelles welling and rupturing, releasing intracellular contents?
Necrosis
T or F; Apoptosis induces an inflammatory response.
False, necrosis
Which cell death is always pathological cell death?
Necrosis
______ causes damage and/or cell death to surrounding tissue
Necrosis
T or F? Necrosis only occurs externally on the body.
False, can occur inside the body
Which way is a neat/quiet cell death?
Apoptosis
Cell death is tightly regulated in ______
Apoptosis
Cell suicide is _______
Apoptosis
Cell suicide is executed via specific ________ ________
Signaling pathways
Are these characteristics of apoptosis or necrosis: nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, intracellular contents contained within cell, membrane blebbing?
Apoptosis
- Cell Shrinks
- Condensation of nucleus
- DNA fragments into oligonucleosomes
- Membrane blebbing and formation of apoptotic bodies ingested by neighboring cells or macrophages.
- No inflammatory response
- Death of a single cell
How does phosphatidylserine play a part in apoptosis?
It is usually found in the intracellular face of the membrane. apoptosis will cause it to be displayed externally, signalling for it to be eaten.
_______ is a characteristic pattern of DNA fragmentation that occurs during apoptosis.
Oligonucleosomes
T or F? Webbing between digits in developing embryo is an example of too much apoptosis.
False, too little
“________” neurons undergo apoptosis to match number of nerve cells to number of target cells.
Excess
T or F? Role of apoptosis in health includes
- Epidermal cells migrating from the geminal layer to the surface
- Epithelial lining of GI tract
- Neutrophils during acute inflammatory response
- Shedding of endometrium during menstruation
- Killing abnormal cells that may be harmful to organism
True
How does apoptosis play a role in aging?
Increased apoptotic potential in many cell types (ie.
a. Loss of cardiac myocytes
b. Loss of skeletal myocytes
c. Loss of neurons
d. Chondrocyte apoptosis in articular cartilage
e. Many other tissues
T or F? over 50% of the know diseases are due to too much or too little apoptosis.
True
Neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer, Parkinson), too much or too little apoptosis?
Too much
Ischemic Disease (myocardial infarction, stroke), too much or too little apoptosis?
Too much
Autoimmune disease, too much or too little apoptosis?
Too little apoptosis of immune cells which then go around the body and induce apoptosis in healthy tissue cells, which otherwise should not be undergoing apoptosis.
Cancer, too much or too little apoptosis?
Too little
Which external stimulus can induce apoptosis A. Withdrawal of growth factors B. Cytokines C. Detachment from extracellular matrix D. Cytotoxic T cells E. Various Toxins F. All of the above
All the above
T or F? DNA damage is an external stimuli that triggers apoptosis.
False, internal
________ __________ is characterized by decreased ATP production and excessive free radical production and damage
Mitochondrial dysfunction
T or F? Stimuli that induces apoptosis as well as resistance to apoptosis can vary between cell types.
True
How are caspases typically activated?
cleavage
Capsases are ________
a. Proteases
b. Proteasomes
proteases
Capsases are __________ of apoptosis.
executioners
_________ cleaves a variety of proteins of the cell that will lead to the characteristic of apoptosis.
Caspases
Where are the capsases location in the cell?
A. mitochondria
B. cytosol
C. rough ER
cytosol
______ are synthesized as proenzymes-inactive precursors.
Caspases
In order to activate a caspases, the pro-domain has to be _______.
cleaved
T or F? The pre-caspase is cleaved a total of 3 times.
False, 2 times. First is the pro-domain, 2nd forms the small and large subunit.
