BSI Lecture 29-30 Mechanisms of Cancer 2

Question 1

What does angiogenesis mean?

Answer 1

New blood vessel growth.

Question 2

Small tumors can receive adequate O2 and nutrients by diffusion from ____ ______

Answer 2

Blood vessel

Question 3

Larger tumors need growth of new ____ ____

Answer 3

Blood vessel

Question 4

Onset of _____ is due to the imbalance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors (upregulation of pro-angiogenic proteins/downregulation of anti-angiogenic proteins)

Answer 4

Angiogenesis

Question 5

_____ is the most potent stimulus for angiogenesis.

Answer 5

VEGF

Question 6

What does VEGF stand for?

Answer 6

Vascular endothelial growth factor

Question 7

What is the stimulus for VEGF?

Answer 7

Hypoxia

Question 8

Hypoxia-inducible transription factor (HIF) binds to VEGF gene and induces _______.

Answer 8

Transcription

Question 9

Mutations in ___ results in over expression of VEGF

Answer 9

p53

Question 10

Activation of ___ can also lead to overexpression of VEGF.

Answer 10

ras

Question 11

______ are cells related to vascular smooth muscle which are located adjacent to and surround the endothelium.

Answer 11

Pericytes

Question 12

Basement membrane and extracellular matrix are degraded by _________

Answer 12

MMPs (matrix metalloproteinase)

Question 13

_______-cells migrate into perivascular space towards angiogenic stimuli (VEGF) produced by tumor cells.

Answer 13

Endothelial

Question 14

When endothelial cells proliferate they can adhere to each other and create a ____, then formation of basement membrane and pericyte attachment will occur.

Answer 14

lumen

Question 15

______ is the migration of cells into deeper tissues—cancer cells break through the barrier that keeps them localized.

Answer 15

Invasion

Question 16

The invasive _____ is what categorizes a tumor as malignant.

Answer 16

phenotype

Question 17

________ is the spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to distant sites in the body.

Answer 17

Metastasis

Question 18

What are the steps in Metastasis?

Answer 18

1. Tumorigenesis
2. Angiogenic switch
3. Acquire invasive phenotype
4. Survival in circulation
5. Extravasation & growth at secondary site
6. Angiogenesis in secondary tumor
7. Evasion of immune response

Question 19

T or F? Tumor cells can avoid death by cytotoxic T cells and induce apoptosis of cytotoxic T cells

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Cytotoxic T cells expresses ___ and ___

Answer 20

FasL ; Fas

Question 21

Tumor cells express ____ (normal cells usually do not) and downregulate Fas

Answer 21

FasL

Question 22

Tumor cells can _____ cFLIP

Answer 22

upregulate

Question 23

Tumor cells (with low _____) are resistant to apoptosis by cytotoxic T cells

Answer 23

Fas

Question 24

Tumor cells (due to ____ expression) induce apoptosis in cytotoxic T cells

Answer 24

FasL

Question 25

Human papilloma virus (HPV) inactivates ___ and ____

Answer 25

p53 and Rb

Question 26

T or F? HPV vaccine protects against two types of HPV that cause 70% of cervical cancers and also protects against two types of HPV that cause 90% of genital warts.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

T or F? HPV is a cancer that sequester Rb and p53.

Answer 27

False, HPV is a virus that has viral proteins that inhibits Rb(by E7) and p53(by E6)

Question 28

Normal vasculature is dormant in healthy adults with endothelial cells dividing ~ once every ___ years

Answer 28

10

Question 29

______ are cells related to vascular smooth muscle which are located adjacent to and surround the endothelium.

Answer 29

Pericytes

Question 30

What are the 6 precesses of angiogenesis?

Answer 30

1. Pericytes detach
2. Basement membrane and extracellular matrix degraded by MMPs (Matrix metalloproteinase
3. Endothelial cells migrate into perivascular space toward angiogenic stimuli (VEGF) produced by tumor cells
4. Endothelial cells proliferate
5. Endothelial cells adhere to each other and create a lumen.
6. Formation of basement membrane and pericyte attachment

Question 31

What are MMPs stand for and what do they do?

Answer 31

Matrix metalloproteinase and they degrade the basement membrane and extracellular matrix