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Pharmacy BSI > BSI Lecture 5-6 Transcription/Translation > Flashcards

BSI Lecture 5-6 Transcription/Translation Flashcards

1
Q

Define: transcription

A

The first step in gene expression when a segment of DNA is copied into mRNA by RNA polymerase.

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2
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

Transcribe genes

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3
Q

Which RNA polymerase produces mRNA?

A

RNA Polymerase II

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4
Q

Promoter

A

A DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription

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5
Q

What are the three phases of gene transcription?

A

Initiation, Elongation and Termination

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6
Q

What is the role of the ribosome in translation?

A

Protein synthesis

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7
Q

What is the function of tRNA in the process of translation?

A

It carries amino acid to the ribosome

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8
Q

What is the role of the A-site in translation?

A

The A-site in translation is the entrance for tRNA to be tested for codon/anti-codon match with mRNA.

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9
Q

What is the role of the P-site in translation?

A

P-site receives amino acid from A-site and adds it to the end of the amino acid side chain.

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10
Q

What is the function of peptidyl transferase?

A

It forms peptide bond between carboxy terminal of polypeptide chain and amino group of new amino acid. Polypeptide grows from amino to carboxy terminus.

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11
Q

What is the function of elongation factors in the process of translation?

A

Elongation factors increase accuracy and speed of translational process

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12
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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13
Q

Does just one codon code for a specific amino acid?

A

No, more than one codon can code for a specific amino acid.

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14
Q

What end of the mRNA is considered the beginning, 3’ or 5’?

A

5’

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15
Q

Define the terms 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR) and 3’ UTR

A

5’ UTR is the region of a mRNA that is directly upstream of the initiation codon. 3’ UTR is the region that directly follows the translation termination codon.

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16
Q

Name 5 types of covalent post-translational modifications?

A

glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, hydroxylation, methylation

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17
Q

Genes contain the instructions to:

A

Synthesize proteins as well as structural and enzymatic RNA molecules

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18
Q

What types of RNA are genes transcribed into?

A

mRNA, tRNA, and other RNA molecules.

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19
Q

Which is the only type of RNA that can be translated into a protein?

A

mRNA

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20
Q

What enzyme transcribe genes?

A

RNA polymerase I, II, and III

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21
Q

What are the functions of RNA polymerase I?

A

Transcribes most rRNA genes and produces rRNA.

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22
Q

What are the functions of RNA polymerase II?

A

Transcribes protein-coding genes and produces pre-mRNA

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23
Q

What are the functions of RNA polymerase III

A

Transcribes tRNA genes, transcribes some rRNA genes, and produces tRNA and rRNA.

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24
Q

The site where the polymerase starts transcribing the gene forming a pre-mRNA molecule is called the _______

A

Transcription start site

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25
Q

_______ sequence is the DNA sequence which stops transcription.

A

Termination

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26
Q

Define “sense” strand

A

The strand of DNA that is transcribed by the polymerase.

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27
Q

Define “anti-sense” strand

A

The strand that is not transcribed.

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28
Q

“Upstream” means toward the ______ end of the DNA strand in relations to a particular gene.

A

3’

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29
Q

T or F; 5’ capping has a guanine nucleotide with a methyl group.

A

True

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30
Q

Series of repeated adenine nucleotides attached to 3’ end is called ______

A

Polyadenylation

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31
Q

Capping and polyadenylation of mRNA are important for _____, _______, and ______

A

Nuclear export of mRNA, mRNA stability, translation of mRNA in cytoplasm

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32
Q

Removal of introns from pre-mRNA is called __________

A

splicing

33
Q

________ recognizes a splicing sequence at 5’ and 3’ end of intron.

A

Spliceosome

34
Q

T or F; RNA polymerase III excises introns and ligates exons together.

A

False, spliceosome

35
Q

Spliceosome structure consists of _____________ and proteins.

A

small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)

36
Q

Where are ribosomes located?

A

Cytoplasm and Rough ER

37
Q

Ribosomes subunits: Large (80s) and small (60s). T or F?

A

False, Large (60s) and small (40s)

38
Q

Ribosomes are made up of ________ and ______.

A

Protein; rRNA

39
Q

Ribosomes are made up of rRNA and 50 ________.

A

proteins

40
Q

rRNa and proteins assemble into _____ and _____ subunits.

A

Large; small

41
Q

The ______ subunit ribosome contains tRNA binding sites A, P and E.

A

Large (60s)

42
Q

Small subunit contains ______ binding site.

A

mRNA

43
Q

When an amino acid is attached to the tRNA it is considered “_______” and is called _________

A

charged; aminoacyl-tRNA

44
Q

T or F? tRNA is highly folded, 3D structure which is essential for it’s function.

A

True

45
Q

____ contains acceptor arm that binds amino acid and an anticodon loop which must recognize codon from mRNA.

A

tRNA

46
Q

________ __________ is when tRNMet binds to small ribosome.

A

Initiation complex

47
Q

tRNAiMet is the “initiator” tRNA and only used at ______ codon.

A

start

48
Q

tRNAmet is used to incorporate Met into the growing polypeptide during __________ phase.

A

elongation

49
Q

Initial complex slides along the mRNA until it finds the first start codon which is _____

A

AUG

50
Q

_______ sequence is thought to be an important DNA sequence surrounding AUG which helps the initiation complex recognize the first AUG

A

Kozak

51
Q

Once the small subunit reaches start codon, eIF’s dissociate to all the large subunit to assemble with tRNAiMet in which site?

A

P-site

52
Q

Initiations factor (eIFs) are important because they recognizes 5’ cap and also makes sure mRNA is ________ stranded at the start site.

A

single

53
Q

What binds to the poly A tail which acts as a signal that the 3’ end of the mRNA is intact.

A

Initiations factor (eIFs)

54
Q

Some initiation factor acts as helicases to relax secondary structure allowing small subunit to scan along the mRNA to find the _____ _____.

A

start codon

55
Q

T or F, tRNA with growing polypeptide in P-site is transferred to new amino acid on tRNA that just entered E-site?

A

False, just entered A-SITE.

56
Q

Peptidyl transferase forms peptide bond between __________ and __________

A

carboxy terminal of polypeptide chain ; amino group of new amino acid.

57
Q

Elongation: Polypeptide grows from ______ to ________ terminus.

A

Amino; carboxy

58
Q

Elongation: Ribosome moves forward placing empty tRNA in ___-site and tRNA with growing polypeptide in ___-site, leaving ___-site open for incoming tRNA.

A

E, P, A

59
Q

Elongation: Ribosome undergoes ______ _______ to shift the mRNA one codon at a time.

A

conformational change

60
Q

Elongation factors (EFs) ______ accuracy and ______ of the translational process.

A

increase; speed

61
Q

Termination: Releasing factors are called into play when stop codons ____, ____, or ____ appears in A-site.

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

62
Q

Termination: ______ ______ bind to any ribosome with a stop codon in the A-site, which forces ____ _____ enzyme to transfer polypeptide to a molecule of H2O?

A

Releasing factors; peptydyl transferase

63
Q

________ is required for many steps in initiation, elongation, and termination.

A

Energy

64
Q

In most cells, ______ ______ consumes more energy than any other biosyntheic process.

A

protein synthesis

65
Q

What are the two reasons why more than one codon can code for a specific amino acid?

A

Wobble and tRNA’s with different anticodons can carry same amino acid.

66
Q

What is wobble?

A

The ability of one tRNA with a specific anticodon to complementary base pair with more than one codon. Matching the 1st and 2nd codon.

67
Q

Name the 5 regions of mRNA.

A

5’ Caps, 5’UTR, Coding sequence (CDS); 3;UTR, 3’ Poly A tail.

68
Q

What are the 4 post-translational modifications:

A

Protein Folding; Co-factor binding; Covalent modifications; Assembly with other polypeptides to form quatenary structure

69
Q

Once the protein is synthesized, most of the time, the first amino acid is _____, which is _____

A

Cleaved;methionine

70
Q

The __________ has sequences that functions to regulate stabilization (half-life) of mRNA, length of the poly A tail, rate of which the poly A tail is degraded as well as sequences that regulate the translation of mRNA.

A

3’ UTR

71
Q

Introns

A

DNA sequences that do not contain coding for the amino acid sequence of protein

72
Q

Exons

A

contain the coding sequence for the amino acid sequence of the protein

73
Q

Transcription start site

A

the site where the polymerase starts transcribing the gene forming a pre-mRNA molecule

74
Q

Termination sequence

A

the DNA sequence which stops transcription

75
Q

Initiation phase

A

RNA polymerase II binds to promoter

76
Q

Elongation phase

A
  1. moves along DNA from 3’ to 5’
  2. reads single strand of DNA and adds complementary nucleotides to growing pre-mRNA
  3. Pre-mRNA synthesized from 5’ to 3’
  4. contains uracil instead of thymine
77
Q

Termination phase

A

RNA polymerase II recognizes termination sequence and releases DNA

78
Q

Pre-mRNA processing

A
  1. 5’ capping - Guanine with methyl group gets added to the 5’ end
  2. Polyadenylation - series of repeated adenine nucleotides attached to 3’ end (PolyA tail)
  3. Splicing - introns removed by splicesosomes and ligates exons together

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