Brain/Skull anatomy

Question 1

What makes up the basal ganglia

Answer 1

Globus pallidus, putamen and caudate nucleus

Question 2

what are the 3 parts of the internal capsule and what do they carry

Answer 2

Ant limb- thalamocortical fibres (sensory below head)

Genu- Corticobulbar fibres (motor fibres to the head)

Post limb- carticospinal tract (motor to below the head)

Question 3

blood supply of ant, genu and post limb

Answer 3

ant limb- anterior and middle cerebral arteries

genu- middle cerebral aa

Post- middle cerebral and ant choroidal aa

Question 4

What is carried in VPL, VPM, lat geniculate body and medial geniculate body of thalamus

Answer 4

VPL- input from neck and below

VPM- input from head

Lat geniculate body- Visual input (connects w sup colliculus)

Medial geniculate body- auditory input (conects within colliculus)

Question 5

what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum and what do they control

Answer 5

ant (spinocerebellum)- balance of arms/legs

Post (cerebrocerebellum)- recieves inform from cortex

Flocculonodular (vestibulocerebellum)- balance of the trunk

Question 6

What are the 3 peduncles of cerebellum and what do they carry

Answer 6

sup- mainly output to the cerebral cortex

middle- input from cortex carrying cortico-ponto-cerebellar fibres

Inf- info from dorsal spincocerebllar tract

Question 7

What are the 3 main nuclei of the cerebellum

Answer 7

fastigial nucleus (related to the spine)

Interpositus :
-Globose nucleus (related to prox joints eg glenohumeral)
-Emboliform nucleus (related to middle joints eg elbow jt)

Dentate nucleus (related to distal joints)

Question 8

What is the blood brain barrier made up of (3)

Answer 8

-Tight junctions between non-fenstrated capillary endothelial cells
-basement membrane
-astrocuyes

Question 9

How do glucose and amino acids cross BBB

Answer 9

carrier mediated trasport

-lipid soluble substances cross more readily than water soluble ones

Question 10

where are the 4 parts of the vertebral aa located

Answer 10

1- 1st part of subclavian aa to transverse foramen of C6

2- transverse foramen of C6-C1

3- c1- foramen magnum (most common to dissect)

4- Lies above foramen magnum

Question 11

where is CSF produced and where does it flow from there

Answer 11

-produced in choroid plexus in lat ventricles

-flows into 3rd ventral thru foramina of monro
-3rd to 4th via aqueduct of sylvius
-leaves 4th vis foramina of luschka/ megendie

Question 12

What does the csf circulate in(4 cisterns) and where does it collect

Answer 12

Cisterna magna
Pontine cistern
interpeduncular cistern
chiasmatic cistern

drains via arachnoid granulation which opens into the sup sagittal sinus

Question 13

what is the venus drainage of the brain

Answer 13

Sup saggital sinus (drains into right transverse sinus)

Inf saggiato sinus (drains into the straight sinus and into the left transverse sinus)

Question 14

What does the transverse sinus turn into and ultimate drainage out of skull

Answer 14

Transverse becomes the sigmoid sinus

sigmoid passes thru jugular foramen to become the internal jugular vein

Question 15

layers of scalp from out to in

Answer 15

SCALP

skin

Closed connective tissue (blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics)

Aponeurosis (flattened tendon of the occipitofrontalis mm)

Loose connective tissue

Pericranium (periosteum of the skull-attached to bone by sharpeys fibres)

Question 16

Inn and blood supply of scalp

Answer 16

Inn- CNV, C2, C3

Blood- external carotid aa

Question 17

how to differential an upper and lower mm lesion of the facial nerve

Answer 17

upper mm neuron lesion- able to raise eyebrow on affected side

lower mm neuron lesion- will not be able to raise eyebrow on affected side

Question 18

what are the 4 paranasal sinuses and where do they drain

Answer 18

Frontal- above+bw orbits (drains into hiatus semilunaris)

Ethmoid- bw orbits (drains into sup/middle meatus)

Maxillary- below each orbit (drains into middle meatus)

Sphenoid sinus- drains into sphenoethmoidal recess