Botulinium

Question 1

what is Botulinium

Answer 1

A toxin: Acetylcholine release inhibitor

Question 2

what is the toxin produced by?

Answer 2

by Clostridium botulinum, a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium.

Question 3

what does the clinical syndrome of botulism follow?

Answer 3

can occur following ingestion of contaminated food, or from a wound infection

Question 4

what are the 7 types of Botulinum

Answer 4

A, B, C [C1, C2], D, E, F, and G

Question 5

what are the similarities and differences between these toxins?

Answer 5

which are antigenically and serologically distinct but structurally similar

Question 6

what is human botulism caused mainly by?

Answer 6

types A, B, E,

Question 7

what is human botulism caused rarely by?

Answer 7

F

Question 8

what is the mechanism of action of Botulinum toxin

Answer 8

by binding presynaptically to high-affinity recognition sites on the cholinergic nerve terminals. This causes a decrease in the release of acetylcholine, causing a neuromuscular blocking effect

Question 9

what does recovery occur through?

Answer 9

Recovery occurs through proximal axonal sprouting and muscle re-innervation by formation of a new neuromuscular junction