Book 99 Brush Manual Flashcards
Who is responsible for the management of all incident operations including the development and implementation of strategic decisions?
IC
Who is subordinate to the IC and is responsible for the supervision and coordination of the activities of the command staff: PIO, safety and liaison officer?
Command staff chief
Who may assume the duties of command staff positions not filled?
Command staff chief
Who is dispatched as the command staff chief?
On call staff chief
Which member of the command staff is responsible for monitoring and assessing hazardous and unsafe situations and developing measures for assuring personnel safety?
Safety officer
Which member of the command staff is responsible for interacting with the assisting and cooperating agencies at the incident?
Liaison officer
Who is normally dispatched as the liaison officer?
The departments disaster preparedness officer (DPO)
Who’s vehicle has the civil defense command frequency (KJP 427 - 30.90 MHz) which has the capabilities of contacting key city personnel?
DPOs vehicle
Which section chief is part of the general staff and is responsible for the collection, evaluation, dissemination and use of information about the development of the incident, status of resources, and other information?
Planning
What unit under planning is primarily responsible for the collection and organization of incident status and situational information and evaluation, analysis and display of incident information?
Situational unit (SITSTAT)
The command post display operations will normally be performed by who?
Chief officers staff assistant
What unit under planning is primarily responsible for maintain resource status for the incident?
Resources unit (RESTAT)
What forms or cards can the RESTAT unit use to facilitate status keeping?
F-666, F-666A and B, displays or “T” cards
If the command unit is utilized, primary responsibility of incident RESTAT will continue to be the chiefs SA assisted by MFC personnel in the
Command unit vehicle utilizing what built in card rack?
“T” card rack
What is a dynamic manual system used to maintain resources status by assignment and location at a larger incident which can be used to good advantage?
“T” cards
For smaller incidents, use what forms of a yellow pad for RESTAT?
F-666, F-666A and B
What has been provided in all division commanders sedans and also in the command area of the mobile command unit for RESTAT?
“T” cards
Strike trans dispatched by MFC will be numbered starting with what number?
21
Strike teams which are formed at the incident will be numbered starting with what?
51
Tactical teams of mixed resources are normally formed at the incident and will be numbered starting with what number?
1
White colored T cards are used for what such as base, staging, helibase, etc?
Headings
Rose T cards are used for what companies?
Engines
Yellow T cards are used for what heavy equipment used to cut line?
Dozers
Blue T cards are used for what unit which can make water drops or transport personnel?
Helicopters
Orange T cards are used for what type of equipment used for water drops?
Aircraft, fixed wing
Green T cards are used for what type of crews to cut line?
Camp crews
Tan T cards are used for what other companies, equipment and teams?
Trucks, fuel tenders, TAC teams
Blacking out the right side of the “T” portion of the T card denotes what types of teams?
Tactical team or strike team
What unit under planning is responsible for the reproduction, distribution and filing of recorded legal, analytical and historical information?
Documentation unit
What type of specialists are advisors with special skills needed to support incident operations and may report to planning such as water resources, training, bulldozer operations and fire behavior?
Technical specialists
Which member of the general staff is responsible for providing facilities, services, and material support of the incident?
Logistics section chief
Which unit under logistics provides fueling for apparatus, repairs and maintenance services utilizing department mechanics?
Ground support unit
What unit under logistics is responsible for the activation and management of incident facilities such as command post, BASE, and facilities for sleeping, sanitation, and managed out of service resources assigned to the unit?
Base
Which unit under logistics is primarily responsible for operating the communications and message centers for sorting, routing and distributing information recurved the communications center?
Communications
Which unit under logistics is primarily responsible for the development of medical emergency plans, obtaining medical aid and transportation for injured and ill incident personnel and assuring proper hospital card for
Incident personnel?
Medical
A captain from what unit on the LAFD is normally dispatched to be the medical unit leader?
MLU
What unit under logistics is primarily responsible for ordering, receiving and storing all supplies for the incident, and major functions are supply operations, recording operations, and food services operations?
Supply and food
Which chief is a member of the general staff and is responsible for the management of all operations directly related to fire suppression and rescue activities of incident resources?
Operations chief
Branch directors and division/group supervisors all fall under which section of the general staff?
Operations
Strike team/tactical leaders report to who when activated and are responsible for performing tactical tasks assigned to the strike team/tactical tram?
Division/group supervisor
Who is primarily responsible for developing and implement the AIR OPERATIONS of the incident plan and reports to operations?
Air operation director
What coordinator is primarily responsible for coordinating all tactical and logistical helicopter operations at the incident and is airborne and will either be the chief pilot or senior pilot at the incident and reports to air operations?
Helicopter coordinator
Which unit under operations is primarily responsible for managing helibases and helispots, providing fuel and supplies, tank filing, personnel and equipment loading, providing for maintenance operations of helicopters?
Helicopter support unit
What position reports to operations to provide the IC with a continuous and accurate assessment of fire activity which it provided by airborne observation and is normally assigned to a chief officer?
Air recon officer
The air recon officer will normally operate from the same helicopter as who?
Helicopter coordinator
Which area under operations is to manage the activities within the staging area which includes the check-in of new arrivals, dispatching of resourced assigned to staging, obtaining services or logistic support necessary to support resources located in this area?
Staging
Area A fire departments include who?
LAFD, Santa Monica, Culver City, Beverly Hills
A large part of making brush fire strategy and tactics effective is what?
Preplanning
Our first-alarm brush response is based on a “what” concept?
“Hit it hard and fast”
A normal brush assignment within the City contains what resources?
4 engines
1 TF
2 helicopters (1 w/ water drop functions)
2 BCs
Companies will be pre deployed on what type of day?
High hazard day
During response, you should notify responding companies if have a “what”?
“Loom up”
What tells you wind direction and air stability and hints of what is burning?
Shape, color, and angle of smoke column
An acre is an area of how many feet by how many feet and a good rough measurement is the area of a football feet?
200 feet by 200 feet
What type of attack is one where fire control starts at a point on the perimeter of the fire and works along one or both edges (flanks) toward the head of the fire, extinguishing as you go along?
Direct attack
The primary method for attacking a brush fire used by the LAFD is what attack?
Direct attack
What is a control line just wide enough to establish control and then going back and cold trailing the line later?
“Scratch line”
Advantages of a “scratch line” attack include having a what area (burn area) for escape, and keeping the fire as small as possible?
Safe area
What attack is one where the fire officer selects a place where the terrain is favorable for control of the fire?
Indirect attack
Which attack/tactic should not be used in heavy fuel, high winds or to stop the head of the fire?
Indirect attack
Reduction in the amount of cold trailing and personnel working in relative comfort are advantages of what type of attack?
Indirect
Most of our larger fires are controlled by what type of attack method?
Combination of direct and indirect
The most common action for a first-in engine company is to attack which flank?
Hot flank
When deciding on a direct or indirect method or combination of both, you are beginning to formulate what type of plan?
Control plan
A good method to use to keep your control plan in order, is to quickly do what in the map?
Draw an outline or circle
It may be better to assign what company or companies to service a helispot?
Light force or task force
What 3 type of resources can LA County Fire provide to the LAFD?
Camp crews, heavy equipment, helicopters
Consideration must be given to what so that apparatus can exit the area of evacuation becomes necessary or to relocate as soon as the fire moved past a given location?
Backing into locations
Locations such as where will definitely result in trouble as a fire makes it run when considering apparatus placement?
Saddles, tops of draws, and just above dense fuel areas
In staging, apparatus should be parked in such a manner that they are available for immediate what?
Response
Structural protection is what type of moving operation?
Hit and run, fast moving
Who can be used if physically fit to effectively protect homes?
Citizens
When faced with 2 structures already involved, concentrate on which structure?
The lessor involved
You should close all what to aid in protecting structures?
Doors and windows, do not forget garage
Civilian vehicles should be parked heading in which direction during structure protection?
Out
When protecting a structure, you should leave the lights on or off?
On
Is there a value in setting down brush, trees and fire resistive roofs ahead of the fire?
No
In areas without fire hydrants what type of operations will be necessary?
Water shuttle or water relay operations
Which water operation are capable of supplying a good supply of water for a direct attack on a fire?
Water shuttle operations
The first what on scene of a brush fire should establish a command post, staging area, and helispot?
Chief officer
Which BC who be a good to assign as the air recon officer?
3rd in BC
What type of line is an unfinished preliminary control line made as n emergency action to check the spread of the fire and establish control of the perimeter and will have to be cold trailed as soon as possible?
Scratch line
What is a line that is a firebreak wife enough for permanent control that can be used in a direct or indirect attack and is constructed by tools or tractors?
Control line
What should be done on a fire control line as soon as possible as the line is established and must be continued until the fire is “dead out”?
Patrolling
When patrolling hot spots should be marked with what so your relief will know what to look for and where?
Fire line tape or stacks of rocks
The first hose lay at a brush fire can be up to how many feet of 1 1/2”?
400 feet
The use of what size hose line as a brush firefighting line is not recommended due to high gpm nozzle flows, reaction, linking at low pressure and possible thermal damage to hose jacket?
1 3/4”
What is the preferred method for extending hose lines for steep terrain of heavy brush?
Brush hose rolls
Members spaced along the existing line and use a what method of passing hose and equipment along the line to the end?
“Bucket brigade”
What 2 methods can be used to extend hose from either the apparatus or from end of line?
Wet/line dry line method and continuous line method
Which extension method is seldom used because if required members to drag loaded hose uphill through the brush?
Uphill extension
Which helicopters are typically used for the pulling of hose as a sling load operation?
Bell model 206
Sling load capabilities of the Bell 206 are approximately how many pounds?
750 pounds
One section of 3 1/2” hose weighs how many pounds?
58 pounds
One section of 2 1/2” hose weighs how many pounds?
38 pounds
Hose pulling operations with helicopters will normally be conducted by which personnel with the assistance of ground fire personnel?
Helitac personnel
For water shuttle assembly, 2 firefighters must remove what equipment?
2 1/2” gated wye
2 1/2” double male
2 1/2” to 1 1/2” gated eye
100’ of 1 1/2” out of each transverse hose bed
Gated wyes for water shuttle operations will be connected via what fitting?
2 1/2” double male
For water relay, suggested method is for the relay officers to drive his vehicle from the water source to the incident using his what to measure the distance in 1/10ths of a mile?
Odometer
The relay officer shall request 1 triple apparatus with 3 1/2” hose per how many miles or portion?
1/10
A standard 600’ hose bed will cover how many feet (1/10 mile) with sufficient slack hose to make connections at each end?
528’
For water relay, lay hose lines in what style to eliminate much of the confusion and will deliver the water quicker?
“Caravan style”
The first arriving or most appropriate apparatus will do what in a water relay?
Connects to hydrant and prepares to pump
On flat terrain, all pumps will maintain what psi engine pressure using their gate pressure gauge?
180 psi
Keep radio communications to a minimum, use what instead?
Hand signals
In water relay situations, shutdowns are always initiated where?
At the water source, not at nozzle
Using shut off butts in a relay for supply will restrict the flow of water to approximately what psi?
450 psi
Prior to backfiring operations, approval from who shall be obtained?
IC
What shall not be attempted unless all exposed structures are protected or considered at risks?
Backfiring
What is the burning of grass or brush to create a fire break?
Backfiring
What is the phase that is the same as overhauling at a structure fire?
Cold trailing
For cold trailing, water alone is not sufficient, what must extensively be used?
Hand tools
A well constructed cold trail is half what of the burn?
Half in, half out
For cold trailing, authorities recommend a width somewhere between what of the height of the brush depending on the terrain, wind, etc when cutting material with hand tools?
Height of brush and twice the height of brush
To prevent burning or smoldering objects from rolling downhill past fire line, a trench of no less than how many feet wide and deep should be established?
1 feet wide, 1 feet deep
What is the most overlooked tool for cold trailing?
McCloud
What is the worst thing for a shovel blade as mud and dirt sticks to it?
Paint
What is the recommended paint for shovels as it wears off almost immediately if needed to be painted?
Thin coat of aluminum
The first member of the cold trailing team who cuts heavy limbs and brush is referred to as the “what”?
Pioneer
Cold trailing on a slope is easiest if done from top down but is best when done from where?
Bottom up
Landing pads for helicopters shall be located in the downwind what of the available area on a flat surface free of obstacle and debris?
1/3
Use of what size hose line can be used for dust abatement at a helispot but should not be used during take offs and landings?
1 1/2”
What is the desired gpm and psi at the kam-lok when filling a helicopter?
360 gpm, 95 psi
To prevent injury when connecting and disconnecting fill devices, keep foot on skid at all times, the helicopter skid spreads how many inches towards outside as water weight increases?
6 inches
Never go near what part of the helicopter as the rotor is invisible and silent when it is turning?
Rear
When filling a helicopter, the 20 pound dry chemical fire extinguisher shall be placed where?
At the wye
When there are 2 helipads side by side, the minimum clearance between pads (center to center) is how many feet?
150 feet
CAL-OSHA requires what PPE for wildland firefighting?
Helmet, goggle, brush jacket, nomex work pants or wool trousers, gloves, safety boots and fire shelter
What is sparsely populated geographical areas covered primarily with grass, brush, trees, crops, or combination thereof?
Wildland
Along with Cal-OSHAs requirements for wildland PPE the LAFD requires their members to have what on their persons for additional protection if needed?
Protective hood
It has been noted in prolonged wildland firefighting operations that the greatest number of injuries occurs from what due to heat?
Fatigue
Safe practice to prevent or minimize dehydration would include carrying what of water?
Canteen
Each member on the fire line should maintain what type of attitude?
“Heads up”
At all times members should be alert for what situations?
18 “watch out” situations
How many common denominators were found at brush fires where firefighters were killed?
4
A recent analysis of wildland fires in which firefighters were killed showed that in every case at least one of “these” safety order was violated which were developed by the US Forest Service?
10 standard firefighting orders
Burned over areas, firebreaks cleared spots, or roads are good examples of what?
Escape routes
Where above the fire is one of the most hazardous places to be?
On a slope
In the past 60 years, how many out of 3 firefighters were killed at brush fires which resulted from fires running uphill?
1 out of 3
When working on a spot fire, go down to the upwind side then over to the fire on what level to help provide an escape route?
Same level of lower
Fires in saddles cab envelope large areas and burn with great rapidity back up the ridge because of what “effect” of vacuum created by the saddle and because of the rolling eddy that develops on the lee slope?
Venturi-type
When operating next to a saddle, operate from where on either side until fire passes over?
Crest
Chances of a canyon-bottom blow-up are fairly remote if the canyon is how wide?
200 yards or more
In what type of shaped canyon, a blow up can spell disaster to any firefighters located there?
Narrow V-shaped
The fire shelter saves lives by reflecting what type of heat?
Radiant
What is the fire shelter made of?
Aluminum foiled bonded to fiberglass cloth with a non toxic, high temperature adhesive
The foil on the fire shelter will reflect what percentage of a flame fronts radiant heat?
95%
Prolonged exposure inside the fire shelter can exceed how many degrees?
150 degrees
Dry saunas can often reach how many degrees making the fire shelter survival in 150 degree temperatures?
190 degrees
Deployment of fire shelters can be accomplished in how many seconds or less?
25 seconds
If anticipate fire shelter entrapment, never wet yourself down, wet clothing conducts heat how many times faster than dry clothing?
5 times faster
For deployment sites when using fire shelters, begin scraping away an area down to mineral soil of what dimension?
4 x 8 feet
When inside a fire shelter, feet should be facing where?
Direction of oncoming flames
What shall be worn inside the shelter?
Helmet and gloves
Flame fronts can generate winds of up to how many mph or more?
50 mph
Keep your nose to the ground while in the fire shelter, approximately a how many inch layer of cooler, cleaner air can be found at ground level?
6 inch
Case studies have indicated by keeping members where of each other while in fire shelters, members experience a more secure feeling during entrapment?
Close to each other
If sharing a fire shelter is unavoidable, lie how with noses to the ground?
Face to face
During prolonged entrapment, temperatures in the fire shelter can range from how many degrees?
150 to 200 degrees
Studies indicate by taking short, shallow breaths through the nose, air as hot as how many degrees can be inhaled at low humidity for brief periods of time?
400 degrees
A drop in noise, wind and heat are indicators that it may be safe to what when in a fire shelter?
Leave
How often shall a fire shelter be inspected?
Monthly or after being carried by members in the field
What is the shelf life of a fire shelter?
Indefinite
When inspecting the fire shelter, do not remove from the bag, inspect what for punctures or dents?
Vinyl plastic
If you find a hole in the vinyl bag or the quick opening red strip is broken but the shelter is still serviceable, the bag can be resealed with what?
Durable tape
What is the most common type of shelter damage?
Abrasion
The shelter shall be removed from service if the normally clear vinyl bag turns what color due to serious abrasion indicating aluminum particles?
Gray
Shelters shall be removed from service when tears exceed how many inches along folded edges?
1 inch
Shelters with dents or punctures in the foil over how many inches wide shall be removed from service?
1 inch
How many inches of missing foil shall cause the shelter to be removed from service?
1 1/2 inches or more
What can be defined as the manner in which fuels ignite, flames develop, and fire spreads?
Fire behavior
The wildland fire environment consists of what 3 major components?
Topography, fuel, and weather
Of the 3 fire environment components, which is the most variable?
Weather
What are the 5 elements of weather that will affect fire behavior?
Wind speed and direction RH Temperature Atmospheric stability Precipitation
In some areas of the country, what could be a 6th important factor in the elements of weather?
Lightning
The intensity, direction, and rate of speed of wildland fires can be affected by what?
Wind
A high pressure area is one where air is falling or rising?
Falling
The most severe weather condition for brush fires in Southern California is what type of wind?
Dry foehn (Santa Ana winds)
Santa Ana winds blow from which direction?
North
Santa Ana winds are most common in what cool months?
September through April
Santa Ana winds usually last how many days getting weaker each day?
2 to 3 days
Are Santa Ana winds a fairly stable air situation?
Yes
What type of air can be recognized by poor visibility at low levels (smog, fog), stratus type clouds, steady winds, and smoke columns that drift apart after limited rise?
Stable air
What type of air can be identified by vertically-developing cumulus clouds, tall smoke columns, dust devils, clear air and gusty winds?
Unstable air
The wind speeds quoted in weather forecasts are wind speeds measured how many feet above surface in light fuels and above the mean cover height in heavier or taller fuels?
25 feet
Friction at the surface caused the wind to swirl and what in the lee side of obstructions producing erratic fire behavior?
Eddy
If the air is relatively calm, it will flow up slopes, up canyons in the daytime from what hours?
1000 to 1300
The average speed of up-canyon daytime winds are about how many mph?
10 to 15 mph
Down-canyon, nighttime winds flow an average of how many mph?
5 to 8 mph
Thunderstorm winds are commonly what mph?
20 to 30 mph
Thunderstorm winds can reach speeds of up to what mph?
60 to 75 mph
Surface toughness causes winds to be very gusty, they are stronger when the air mass is hot during what time of the day?
Late afternoon
What are one of the most common indications of intense local heating and unstable air conditions?
Whirlwinds or dust devils
Warm air has a what capacity for holding eater vapor than cold air?
Much greater
Relative humidity increases how much with each 20 degree decrease in temperature?
Doubles
Relative humidity decreases how much with each 20 degree increase in temperature within an air mass?
Half
At what percent humidity do conditions become favorable for brush fires?
30%
The ignition temperature of brush fires varies between what degrees?
400 and 700 degrees
A practical average temperature for ignition temperature for brush fires is what degree?
540 degrees
On very hot days, the temperature of the brush can be as high as what degrees which is 25% of the temperature needed to ignite the brush?
160 degrees
The air is stable if the temperature air mass drops 5.5 degrees or less per how many feet of elevation?
1000 feet
Which of the 3 major components of fire environment is most constant?
Topography
Which facing slopes typically have the greatest number of fires and have light flashy fuels?
South and west facing slopes
Which facing slope has the heaviest fuels, highest fuel moisture, lowest temperature, lowest rate of fire spread and lowest fire starts?
North facing
Which component of fire environment actually carries the fire?
Fuel
Fuels can be classified in what 3 basic categories?
Grasses and weeds (light)
Coastal sage scrub (moderate)
Mixed chaparral (heavy)
What size dead fuels are the primary fuels that carry a fire at its flaming front?
Small diameter
The moisture content of dead fuels varies from around what percent depending on weather conditions?
2% to 30%
Dead branches and twigs frequently make up how much of the fuel volume in chaparral stands more than 30 years old?
1/3 to 1/2
As a rule of thumb, chaparral stands accumulate about what percent of dead material for each year since the brush smooth closed following the last major fire or other clearing?
1%
What is generally considered the most important influence on flammability of fuels?
Moisture content
The moisture content is highest (200% or more) during what time of year when the vegetation is in its active growing cycle?
Later winter and early spring
What fuels is made up of non-woody brush species such as sagebrush, buckwheat, black sage, chemise, elderberry and honeysuckle and is found on east, west and south facing slopes?
Coastal sage scrub (moderate fuels)
Mixed chaparral makes up the taller brush found mostly on north facing slopes up to how many feet?
20 feet
LAFDs fire weather information is calculated from 20 different inputs gathered from which fire stations weather station and from the riverside national weather service?
108s
Vegetation management within the City of LA can be divided into what 2 programs?
Brush clearance program and prescribed burning program
Which program addresses fuels near structures?
Brush clearance program
Which program deals with fuel reduction in large undeveloped areas within the city of LA?
Prescribed burn program
What is the planned application and confinement of fire to a per-selected area to achieve a specific objective?
Prescription burning
The primary reason for any burn is the reduction of what?
Fuel
Prescription burning can be accomplished at a cost of how much per acre, which is one main reason for using prescription burning?
$5 to $50
Burning operations are never started when the weather conditions indicate the possibility of north winds within how many days of burning operations?
3 days
Normally all burning operations are concluded each burn day prior to what time of the day for proper smoke management?
Noon
What program is administrated by the brush clearance unit of the fire prevention bureau?
Brush clearance program
Each year on what day, an information letter is mass-mailed to the owners of property in the mountain fire district and the mount Washington?
April 1st
The letter sent out from the brush clearance unit, asks property owners to clear the hazardous brush around their property by what date?
May 1st
During the month of May, who inspected all properties in the mountain fire district, buffer zones, el sereno and mount Washington?
Brush task force
Who normally inspects el sereno and Baldwin hills?
Local fire station personnel
During inspection of brush clearance, all hazards encountered are cited using a “what”?
Notice of compliance
When property owners are given a “notice of compliance”, property owners are given how many days to comply?
15 days
The brush clearance unit will award the non compliance properties to private contractors to clear the brush, property owners will be billed and may ultimately be collected by assessment on the next what for that property?
Property tax bill
How many acres burned in the 1970 wildland fire season in a 13 day period?
500,000
The United States congress chartered the FIRESCOPE project in what year and directed the forest service to assist SOCAL fire agencies in its development?
1972
Much of the ICS came originally from what program?
FIRESCOPE
The status of major wildland fires and large amounts of apparatus commutes to them are tracked by who located in riverside, California?
Operations coordination center (OCC)
During such a high activity time, when the OCC goes into which mode, a chief officer from the LAFD is dispatched to riverside to represent our department in decision making matters?
Mode 4
On a daily basis, our MFC and OCC are connected via direct telephone lines and a computer, used to pass on information relating to wildland fires requiring how many companies or more?
15
What 2 components make up the FIRESCOPE system?
ICS and MACS
The most valuable agreements in the sense of providing major resource commitments to the LFD are the California master mutual aid agreement and master mutual assistance agreement with what fire department?
LA County Fire
The LAFD will dispatch up to how many engine companies in the form of strike teams to major brush incidents when requests are received through major mutual aid agreements we participate in?
30
Requests for 30 engines to be deployed to a major brush fire incident must come from who?
DDC or Chief engineer (fire Chief)
Who has the authority to dispatch 1 strike team to a brush fire without approval of the DDC or fire Chief?
Operations division control
What is a predesignated area where both agencies (LAFD and LACoFD) will simultaneously dispatch a full assignment into the same area?
Initial action zone (IAZ)
How many camps of hand crews does LA County Fire currently operate?
11
On a daily basis (weekday), LA County can provide about how many hand crews?
35
During a holiday or weekend, LA County can provide about how many hand crews?
15
When requesting hand crews, the request should be for a group of not less than how many hand crews from LA County?
2 hand crews
Normally a hand crew can be at any location within the City within how many minutes of dispatch?
30 minutes
Fixed wing aircraft often exceed over how many dollars an hour and can be costly?
$1000
Fixed wing air tanks are not effective and will not fly during periods of high winds that exceed how many mph?
40 mph
A bulldozer operator will usually construct a safety island for fire shelter deployment about every 600 feet along the line, the island will be how many feet in diameter?
100 feet
What 2 agencies within LA share concurrent jurisdiction in emergencies involving evacuations?
LAPD and LAFD
High schools are provided with a kitchen which is stocked with an emergency supply of food for how many days?
3 days
A chain of work is how many feet of work per hour?
66 feet
What is the minimum drops an engine company can perform for exposure lay?
3 drops
SPAWS can be deployed by a task force in less than how many minutes?
10 minutes
During emergency operations the 4 inch SPAW system may be easily cut if needed with any what 3 tools?
Rotary saw with wood or metal cutting blade
Cross cut wood saw
Hack saw
SPAW system may be transported via what 3 ways?
Aerial ladder truck, helicopter, stake bed
