Book 29 Truck Manual Flashcards
What is the systematic removal of heat, smoke, and fire gases from a structure and replacing it with cooler, clean, fresh air?
Ventilation
Effective ventilation will accomplish what 4 objectives?
Saves lives
Assist in firefighter access
Controls the horizontal spread of fire
Reduces possibility of flashover and backdraft
The removal of heated smoke and fire gases from a structure will increase the chances of survival to who?
Trapped or unconscious occupants
A properly placed what aids in the removal of super heated smoke and fire gases from the building, which in turn permits firefighters to safely and more rapidly locate and extinguish the fire?
Ventilation hole
Ventilation will also reduce the chance of what type of burns to firefighters from their hose stream?
Steam burns
Rapid extinguishment of fire will also reduce what type of damages (reduces property damage)?
Water, heat and smoke
Proper ventilation will also assist firefighters in fire extinguishment as well as what other operations?
Rescue, salvage, and overhaul
In a structure fire, heat, smoke, and fire gases travel where to the highest point of the building, usually the roof or ceiling?
Upward
Heat, smoke, and fire gases accumulating at the highest point and begin to bank down and spread laterally is known as what?
Mushrooming
What in conjunction with an offensive heat hole, can help stop the horizontal spread of fire?
Strip ventilation
What is a condition where all the contents of a room are heated to their ignition temperature?
Flashover
Each year in the US there is an average 100 deaths to firefighters, on average how many of those deaths are due to flashover?
85
What is it called if the structure’s contents reach their ignition temperature and there is not sufficient oxygen to support combustion, but occurs when oxygen is suddenly introduced?
Backdraft
To remove backdraft conditions, what type of ventilation must be provided to release the heat, smoke, and gases?
Vertical ventilation
What is the systematic removal of heat, smoke, and fire gases through wall openings such as doors and windows?
Horizontal ventilation
What 2 methods are usually performed to accomplish horizontal ventilation?
Natural and positive pressure
What ventilation is easily done by opening doors and windows and allowing the wind to ventilate the building?
Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation is limited due the location of the fire in relation the structures openings and what direction?
Wind
What ventilation is a method of forcing clean, fresh, pressurized air into a structure with blowers?
Positive pressure ventilation
What ventilation is the opening of the roof or existing roof openings (skylights, hatch covers, etc.) for the purpose of allowing heat, smoke, and fire gases to escape from the structure into the atmosphere?
Vertical ventilation
In order to properly and safely open a roof, you must have a good working knowledge of what?
Building construction
The key to safe and effective roof ventilation is the knowledge of what?
Rafter type and direction
Roofs built with conventional construction will usually withstand fire for a much greater length of time than what, resulting in a safer roof to operate on?
Lightweight truss construction
With conventional construction, if time and safety permits, the roof team “WILL” cut a what directly over the fire?
Heat hole
When operating on a lightweight truss roof (or suspected lightweight truss), the ventilation team shall never conduct ventilation operations directly over the what?
Fire
Members should employ the practice of what so that they may complete their roof-cutting operation prior to the fire impinging on a given ventilation hole?
“Trading space for time”
Rafter direction is important to know because we usually cut what size sheathing parallel to rafters?
1 x4 and 1 x 6
On roofs sheathed with plywood, what cut is made perpendicular to rafters?
Head cut
You need to know rafter direction in order to accomplish what types of holes?
Heat hole or strip
Which type of hole is offensive?
Heat hole
Which type of hole is defensive?
Strip
What type of hole should be placed well ahead of the fire and extend the entire width of the building, creating a firebreak?
Strip
What type of cut is a technique used when cutting plywood and 1 x 4 or 1 x 6 sheathed roof (4 cuts) and provides the largest hole with the minimum amount of cuts?
Center rafter
Sheathing removal such as what technique requires minimal effort?
Louvering
What is the material used to comprise the base and exterior covering for the roof and is attached to the rafters (wood sheathing, plywood type, corrugated metal)?
Decking
Plywood sheathing is installed so that the 8’ dimension of the plywood crosses the rafters or joists and the 4’ dimension parallels the rafters or joists. The sheets of plywood are then staggered much like a brick or block wall, which require what type of nailing?
Diaphragm nailing
What is a technique used to cut 1” x 4” or 1” x 6” solid, spaced, or diagonally sheathed roofs and are made parallel to rafters with no concern to locating rafters?
Dicing
What are metal clips used to hold the butted ends of plywood together and are common on pitched roofs?
“H” clips
What cut is a cut made through the roof decking that is made perpendicular to rafters, is used to locate rafters, rolling rafters and done on roofs with plywood or diagonal sheathing (first cut made on a center rafter cut)?
Head cut
Constantly evaluate the effectiveness of the roof-cutting operation and weigh the what allowing for a timely and safe exit from the roof?
Risk vs gain
The removal of sheathing is enhanced by a what motion with an appropriate tool (pick head axe) and more effective if the pulling tool is used near the rafters?
“J” hook
What cut is a single cut made through the roof decking, the same width as the chain saw blade and used as an alternative to a smoke indicator hole?
Kerf cut
Ground ladder should be thrown to uninvolved corners of the structure, the exception is what ladder?
Roof ladder
For roof ventilation, a minimum of how many ladders should be thrown to the involved structure?
2 ladders
What method is used for plywood once all 4 cuts have been completed due to the method plywood is nailed to the roof rafters?
Louver
What are usually made from a 2” x 4” laid flat between rafters to provide a nailing surface for the edge of the plywood sheathing and found every 4 feet underneath a 4 x 8 sheet of plywood?
Nailing blocks
What is a door leading from the interior stairwell to the roof and can be a quick way to clear smoke out of the stairwell and any hallway that is open to the stairwell?
Penthouse door
What cut is a small triangular piece of roof covering (composition), which is removed from the roof to expose the roof sheathing and used to determine sheathing type and roof composition thickness?
Plug cut
What is the normal and most common size of plywood?
4 x 8
What cut is a light cut of the roof covering, usually composition only and is used to facilitate the removal of multiple layers of roofing material (composition?
Score cut
What cut is a light cut made with the chain saw, cutting through the roof covering and plywood sheathing and used on a panelized roof when louvering off a purlin?
Skim cut
Skylights are usually constructed of what material?
Glass or plastic
Skylights will be placed over what on apartment buildings?
Hallways and stairwells
Skylights will be placed over where on commercial buildings?
Manufacturing area
What is a small triangular hole cut through the roof decking (sheathing and roofing material) made with the chain saw or an axe and used to indicate smoke and fire conditions?
Smoke indicator hole
Smoke indicator holes should be placed along the path of access and egress how often?
Every few yards
What is a technique used to assist the roof team to safely walk on a roof and helps determine roof conditions?
Sounding
If ventilators are working correctly leave them in place, they are what percent more effective when the turbine is spinning?
30%
What type of pipes can be constructed from ABS plastic, cast iron, or steel pipe?
Vent pipes
If vents appear to be growing out of the roof (growing vent pipes), this indicates that the roof has what?
Sagged or dropped
What is a series of cuts used to identify rafter direction only and is cut at a 45 degree angle toward or away from any exterior wall by intersecting a structural member and making the second cut parallel or perpendicular to exterior wall?
45 degree cut
What 5 things will a 45 degree inspection cut tell you/.
Rafter type
Rafter direction
Sheathing type
Composition thickness
Smoke indicator
For a 45 degree inspection cut, when the saw makes contact with a rafter, roll over the rafter and continue the cut approximately how many inches?
6 to 10 inches
What is directional and always allows roof team to work back towards their ladder?
Dicing
The chain saw operator should cut a minimum of how many dice cuts before the puller begins to remove sheathing?
3
For dicing, locations of rafters are not required, what is?
Rafter type and direction
Rafter type and direction can be accomplished with what diagnostics?
Plug cut, 45 degree inspection cut, and sounding
The length of the dice cut is determined by the what of the tool being used to pull the sheathing (rubbish hook or pick head axe)?
Reach
The chain saw operator should be aware of rafter spacing by not spanning how many rafters?
2 rafters
For dicing, always leave a minimum of how many un-pulled sections between the cutter and puller?
1
On a roof constructed with multiple layers of composition or diagonal sheathing, and additional what cut may be necessary?
Score or bottom cut
In order to make a center rafter louver, you must know rafter type and direction and determine the location of how many rafters?
3
When making a center rafter louver cut, you parallel cuts should be approximately how many inches inside the rafter?
2 to 3 inches
Center rafter louver cuts against construction are started with a head cut going which direction in relation to your ladder to locate the first outside rafter?
Away from ladder
Parallel cuts on a center rafter louver should be approximately how many feet long?
3 1/2 feet
What 5 cutting operations can be made on a panelized roof?
Drop method
Pull back method
Offensive louver
Louver off a purlin
Lover off a main/lam beam
When cutting on a panelized roof, cut how many inches inside of the purlins to avoid hitting metal hangers?
4 to 6 inches
For a drop method, cut completely through 2 x 4 rafters from what to what?
Lam beam to lam beam
For a drop method, first cut is made parallel to lam beam stopping at purlins, then cut small triangles to insert what tool?
Rubbish hooks
Offensive louvers are done from what to what?
Lam beam to lam beam
For louver off a main/lam beam, stand on the lam beam and reach out approximately how many feet and make first cut parallel to rafters from purlin to purlin?
3 1/2 feet
Because of work area limitations while louvering off a lam beam, who must exchange tools?
Cutter and puller
For louver off a purlin, start with a “skim cut” and reach out as far as you comfortable can approximately how many feet?
3 1/2 feet
Louvering off a lam beam should be done from what to what?
Parapet to parapet
Louvering off a purlin should be done from what to what?
Lam beam to lam beam
New construction methods are usually not designed to assist what type of operations?
Fire suppression
As architects reduce the mass and change the chemical composition of building materials, we are losing one of the most valuable factors which is what?
Time
A working what of building construction not only provides the necessary expertise to conduct a quick and accurate size-up of a structure, it also provides the foundation for effective, timely, and safe operations?
Knowledge
Structural integrity will determine what 4 factors?
Ladder placement
Forcible entry
Search and rescue
Ventilation feasibility
The integrity of a working surface (i.e., roof and floor decking) must be evaluated for what?
Safe operations
Special hazards such as what when considering ladder placement (i.e. strip malls) must be recognized and avoided?
Facades
The direction of what (rafters/joists) must be determined prior to initiating ventilation to enhance safe and effective cutting operations?
Structural members
The way we operate on a building is based off building construction, knowledge of this will dictate our approach, which 2 operations (modes) can be employed?
Offensive or defensive
A plan of action can be formulated based off what factors for building construction?
Occupancy type, exposure, and involvement in arrival
What is a mental evaluation that assists in determine a course of action and the methods necessary to accomplish a desired goal (estimate of situation)?
Size up
What 3 operations consists of a size up?
Analyze the situation
Decide a plan (strategy)
Put the plan into operation (tactics)
When “analyzing the situation” for your size up, type and construction of the building factors will indicate what 5 things?
Rate of burning
Possible avenues of fire spread
Problems on efforts to confine fire
Structural integrity
Time for safe operations
When conducting a building size up, look past the exterior of a building and visualize what’s inside (strengths and hazard) by doing “what” with the building in your mind?
“Undress”
For building construction, what 4 areas should our size up focus on?
Construction styles
Roof styles
Construction methods
Age of the building
Conventional construction utilized what that depend on size for strength (does not rely on total sum of members)?
Structural members (size for strength)
Conventional construction can be easily demonstrated by considering mill/timber construction and may be what dimension for strength?
8 x 8
Lightweight construction (truss) is obtained from what that are in compression and tension?
Multiple members
For lightweight construction, the strength of the individual structural member is dependent on the total sum of members, if how many members fail, others may fail?
1 member
A single lightweight truss structural member can span how many feet and may be comprised of 2 x 4s in compression and tension to form an integral unit?
70 feet
When the attic is exposed to fire, the rafters and roof may collapse on what thereby preventing collapse onto firefighting personnel below?
Ceiling joists
A lightweight truss fable in a dwelling when exposed to fire will cause what to collapse as a unit into the structure, exposing firefighting personnel to falling, burning debris?
Top (rafters) and bottom chord (ceiling joists), and roof decking
Lightweight construction utilized what size lumber as a standard?
2 x 3s and 2 x 4s
Convention construction utilized what size lumber as a minimum and up to mill/lumber construction?
2 x 4s
The ability to accurately estimate the amount of time that a structure can be considered structurally strong is dependent on what 3 factors?
Type of construction
Time of burning
Fire intensity
What 6 different roof styles are there according to book 29?
Gable
Hip
Flat
Bridge truss
Arch
Sawtooth
What style roof is a configuration of conventional or ordinary construction that consists of a ridge board and rafters that cross the outside walls?
Fable
Rafters in a fable roof are usually what size or larger and are usually spaced 16 to 24 inches on center?
2 x 6
Supporting of a gable roof is provided by what members?
Collar beams and ceiling joists
Gable roofs are what type of configuration?
Semi flat to steep pitch
Gable roofs can have rafters spaced up to how many inches on center for a steep pitched roof?
36 inches
The ridge board on a gable roof is what size?
1 x 6
Gable roofs without ridge boards resulting in 2 x 6 rafters placed on the roof how?
Butted together
Lightweight construction utilizes 2 x 3 or 2 x 4 inch wood trusses held together by what type of connectors?
Metal gusset plate
What are the 3 features of a truss system?
Top chord, bottom chord, and webbing
The most common metal gusset plate is 18 gauge steel with prongs that produce what inch penetration?
3/8 inch
Ceiling joists are typically what size or larger?
2 x 4
Lightweight construction (truss members, open web, wooden I beam) may only be supported at which edges (unless used as a cantilever truss)?
Outside edges
18 gauge “roof truss clips” may be found nailed to the bottom chord every how many trusses due interior wall partitions possibly not supporting the truss?
3 to 5 trusses
For non supportive interior wall partitions, they could be classified as what?
“Free standing”
Common on center spacing for truss rafters are how many inches?
24 inches
Where are the strongest parts of a gable roof?
The ridge area (conventional with ridge board) and outside walls (where rafters cross)
Gables without a ridgeboard or lightweight truss system (2 x 3 or 2 x 4 rafters) have a reduced what time and potential early failure rate and collapse of roof?
Burning time
Newer roofs use what size plywood as decking instead of 1 x 4 or 1 x 6 inch space sheathing?
3/8 or 1/2 inch
What else is used as decking in an effort to reduce building costs and can be more hazardous than plywood?
Particle, chip and strand board
What type of building lacks the A-configuration and terminates in a “hip” configuration?
Hip roof
For the hip roof, which rafters are utilized where 2 roof lines join together?
Valley rafters
What size rafters and ridge boards are found on a hip style roof (conventional style)
2 x 6
What is the typical spacing for a gable roof ?
16 to 24 inches, 36 inches for steep pitched
What size “rough cut” rafters were also utlized in older wood frame structures with steep pitched gable roofs?
2 x 3 or 2 x 4
What are the strengths of a hip style roof?
Ridge board, valley rafters, hip rafters, and areas where rafters cross outside wall
If the roof is covered with what, the roof will become slippery when wet and offers minimal footing when dry and should be removed prior to ventilation operations?
Tile or other similar materials
What type of roof is found on various types and sizes of commercial buildings primarily constructed during the 1930s and 1940s and easily identifiable by sloping ends?
Bridge truss
Wooden truss members on bridge truss roofs are what size lumber?
2 x 12
What is used on bridge truss roofs vertically for additional support?
Metal tie rods
What size rafters are found on a bridge truss roof?
2 x 6 or larger
What size of sheathing covers a bridge truss roof?
1 x 6 diagonal (post 33) or straight (pre 33)
What type of decking was installed over existing straight or diagonal sheathing when modified for the earthquake ordinance?
Plywood
Bridge truss roofs when exposed to fire, early collapse is not a primary concern, however the roof predictably fails how depending on type of fire?
In sections
Strengths of a bridge truss roof are depending on the size of lumber utilized and that what of trusses?
Span
The bottom chord of a bridge truss can be modified to allow storage in the what covered by sheathing or plywood and/or lath and plaster and can contribute to early collapse of trusses and roof?
Attic area or ceiling
If a bridge truss roof has been modified for the earthquake ordinance, you must be aware of plywood and what else?
Metal straps and supports
What type of roof is similar to a bridge truss and was built and popular in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s on both small and large commercials?
Bowstring Arch
Bowstring arches have what size lumber that comprise the trusses and related members and may have multiple beams forming 1 truss arch?
2 x 12 or 2 x 14
Rafters on a bowstring arch are what size?
2 x 6 or larger
Bowstring arches are covered with what size diagonal or straight sheathing?
1 x 6
How does a bowstring arch usually fail?
In sections
What type of roof is an egg crate, geometric or diamond-pattern roof and supported by exterior buttresses or internal ties rods with turnbuckles?
Lamella arch
Lamella arches are constructed with what size wood framing with steel plates and bolts at junctions of framing?
2 x 12
What size roof decking/sheathing do lamella arches have?
1 x 6
Lamella arches are common in what type of occupancies?
Gymnasiums, large buildings for recreational use, large supermarkets
Total collapse of a lamella arch can occur if fire removes more than what percentage of the roof?
20%
Total collapse of a lamella arch can result from what “effect”?
Domino effect
What roof is similar to a bowstring or lamella arch that uses tie rods to offer lateral support for the walls of the building?
Tied truss arch
Tie rods of what diameter with turn buckles (tension mantained) are used below each arch member to ensure arches do not push the exterior walls outward?
5/8 inch
Tie rods on a tied truss arch may pass through exterior walls outside what, which facilitate identification of this style roof?
Plates
Top chords of arch members on a tied truss utilize what size laminated lumber or larger?
2 x 12
Rafter size on a tied truss arch are what?
2 x 10 or larger
Tied truss arches utilize what size diagonal or straight sheathing?
1 x 6
What is the primary hazard of a tied truss arch and may push the walls outward?
Tie rods and turnbuckles
What type of roof is used on commercial buildings to yield additional light and ventilation for manufacturing type occupancies and is basically constructed the same today as it was during the 1930s and 1940s?
Saw tooth
What size rafters on a saw tooth roof?
2 x 8 or larger
Sawtooth roofs can be easily ventilated by utilizing the hinged what?
Panes of glass
What size diagonal or straight sheathing are saw tooths covered with?
1 x 6
Newer saw tooth roofs are covered with what size plywood?
1/2 inch
Conventional flat roofs will have what size rafters?
2 x 6
Newer style flat roofs are lightweight with what 3 types of construction options?
Wooden I beam, metal gusset plate truss, open web construction
Flat roof rafter spacing is how many inches on center?
24 inches
For newer conventional flat roofs, what size plywood are they covered with?
3/8 inch to 5/8 inch
What type of lightweight member consists of top and bottom parallel wood chords that are connected by a wooden stem and is prefabricated at the factory before installation?
Wooden I beam
What sizes are the dimensions for the top and bottom chord of a wooden I beam?
2 x 4, but 2 x 3 is common
The stem for the wooden I beam is joined by a continuous glue edge joint that may be what size plywood or chip board?
3/8 inch
What is the common on center spacing for wooden I beam?
24 inches
Nailing blocks are spaced how far apart that are joined to the top chord of the wooden I beam/open web/metal gusset plate to provide an additional nailing surface for the 4 x 8 sheets of plywood?
4 feet
For diaphragm nailing, the plywood sheets are placed so that the 8 foot dimension crosses the roofs what?
Structural members
What is the strongest part of a wooden I beam roof?
Perimeter where the roof ties into exterior wall
Common practice is to run what type of ducts of various sizes through the stems which removes a significant percentage of the stem and gives fire horizontal access to adjacent “I” beams, assisting the travel and spread of fire?
Heating and AC
Ventilation personnel must be aware of what on a wooden I beam, open web, and metal gusset plate roofs when cutting between and parallel to the top chords?
Nailing blocks
What construction consists of top and bottom parallel wooden chords that are cross-connected by steel tube web members, is prefabricated at the factory before installation, and is constructed with either parallel chord laid on edge or flat laid chords?
Open web
The steel tube web members on an open web are what diameter cold rolled steel tubing?
1 to 2 inch
The cold rolled steel tubing ends are pressed flat into a semicircular shape with a hole punched through the end and are inserted into slots with what size steel pins driven through chords and flat ends of webbing?
Up to 1 inch
How far can a open web member span?
70 feet
What size chords are on an open web?
2 x 4 or 2 x 3
A single 2 x 4 chord on an open web up to 70 feet is made possible by joining different lengths in glued, mitered what?
“Finger Joints”
What is common on center spacing for open web?
24 inches
What type of member is predominantly 2 x 4 wood trusses that are held together by metal plate connectors?
Metal gusset plate
What size plywood will be found on a metal gusset plate roof?
Common 1/2 inch, but also 3/8 inch
What type of roof may be found on wood, masonry or concrete tilt up slab buildings?
Panelized roof
What are the 4 major components of a panelized roof?
Beams, purlins, 2 x 4 inch joists, 2 inch plywood
What is a common size lam beams?
6 x 36
Beams on a panelized roof are supported at their ends by what?
Pilasters, wood or steel posts, or saddles
How far are beams spaced apart?
12 to 40 feet
Beams can be bolted together to provide lengths well in excess of how many feet?
100 feet
What are supported by beams and installed on hangers spaced 8 feet on center?
Purlins
What is a common size for purlins?
4 x 12
What are beginning to be substituted for conventional purlins?
Metal gusset plates
What is the hazard of the 2 x 4 rafters installed between the purlins, parallel to the beams?
Metal hangers
What size plywood covers a panelized roof?
1/2 inch
What are the strengths of a panelized roof?
Beams, purlins, and perimeter
Expect weakening and/or collapse of what which are 4 inch hollow steep pipes that support this member in large portions of the roof under heavy fire conditions?
Beam span supports
What type of foiling cover beneath panelized roof will give off flammable gases that rise and build up between the insulation paper and plywood decking?
Kraft paper
If what are utilized for the purlins, consider additional and rapid failure when the roof is exposed to fire?
Lightweight trusses
What type of members utilizes a popular building material (metal) in a wide variety of buildings, large and small?
Open web bar joist (steel bar joist)
Top and bottom chords for open web bar joist are usually made of what inch steel?
1/8 inch
Web supports on an open web bar joist are solid steel bar of what diameter?
5/8 inch
Large buildings may have open web bar joists used as girders spaced up to how many feet?
45 feet
Open web bar joists are spaced how many feet apart to accept corrugated metal decking covered by alternating layers of tar and tar paper?
8 feet
Additionally, 4 x 8 foot sheets of ½ inch plywood with what size rafters are gaining popularity on open web bar joist roofs?
2 x 4
What is the strongest part of an open web bar joist roof?
Perimeter
Metal exposed to fire or sufficient heat will expand, twist and possibly fail, steel loses its strength around what degree?
1000
What type of roof has a steel or wood sub structure covered by corrugated metal with an air-entrained mixture of sand, cement, and occasionally pea gravel is pumped on top of the corrugated metal decking?
Lightweight concrete roof (robertsons decking)
Lightweight concrete roofs have 4 x 4 or 6 x 6 inch wire mesh to a thickness of how many inches?
3 to 4
Lightweight concrete roofs are utilized when additional insulative properties are desired next to what?
Airport or freeways
What are the strengths of a lightweight concrete roof?
Strong hard surface (structurally sound and resistant to fire)
To ventilate a concrete roof, you will require which blades on the rotary saw?
Diamond blade or wood cutting carbide tipped blade
Corrugated metal structures utilize wood or steel, covered with what 3 options of materials?
Corrugated steel, aluminum, fiberglass
Roof ventilation on corrugated structures should be considered extremely what?
Dangerous
Metal beam structures have a sub structure of steel beams, usually coated with a spray on what?
Fire retardant material
Metal beam structures are finished with what options of materials?
Concrete, masonry, glass or similar materials
Metal beam structures vary from how many stories?
2 stories to the tallest high rise
What is a hazard for metal beam structures with glass paneling?
They could fall under fire conditions
When exposed to sufficient heat, metal beams can expand how many inches per 100 feet which can push out walls?
9 inches
What type of building is made of concrete slabs that have been raised into place to form exterior walls of a structure?
Tilt up
Tilt ups can be up to how many stories?
5 stories
One of the more popular building materials used in various types of buildings old and new is what?
Brick
Brick buildings (pre 33) constructed up until the 1930s are commonly classified as what type of masonry?
Unreinforced masonry (URM)
What does the mortar on a pre 33 building consist of?
Sand and lime (no cement)
How thick are the walls on a pre 33 building?
13 inches
Parapet walls on a pre 33 building can extend 3 feet above the roof line and how many feet or more if used as a facade on the front of the building?
5 feet or more
How are the floor and joist systems set inside the exterior walls on a pre 33?
“Let”
Roof and floor joists are what on a pre 33 so they would pull loose from the exterior walls during a fire and collapse into the interior of the building without pulling down the walls?
“Fire cut” (ends were cut with an angle)
What revisions were made to pre 33 buildings after the long beach earthquake of 1933 (included on post 33 buildings)?
9 inch thick walls
Masonry walls required to be reinforced (steel rebar)
Rafters and joists anchored to walls
Cement utilized in mortar
Diagonal roof sheathing
How were rafters and joists bolted to a masonry wall with metal hangers on post 33 buildings?
Ledger board
What revisions were made to pre 33 buildings after the Tehachapi earthquake of 1959?
4 to 6 inch concrete bond beam cap on top of lowered parapet walls along public ways and exits
Parapet walls not higher than 16 inches with bond beam cap
Exterior walls drilled at roof rafter level and steel anchor bar/rod installed every 4 feet and attached to roof rafter
Steel anchor bar/rods are secured to the exterior of the building by a plate/nut on a pre 33 after 1959 known as what which tied in the roof system to the walls?
Rafter tie plates
What revisions were made to pre 33 buildings after the 1971 sylmar earthquake?
Anchoring walls to floor and roof systems (tie plates and steel bracing from parapet walls to roof structural members)
Strengthening roof construction with plywood (1/2 inch) and metal straps
Concrete bond beams may also have been added to pre 33 buildings over windows and between what floors of multi story buildings?
2nd floor
For pre 33 characteristics, deeply recessed window frames are “set” to the inside of the wall exposing about how many inches of brick return on the exterior of a building?
8 inches
For pre 33 characteristics, windows may have arched or straight what?
Lintels
For pre 33 characteristics, King rows will have 1 row of bricks laid “on end” every how many rows for additional strength?
4 to 7 rows
What are the 7 characteristics of a pre 33 building?
Concrete cap
Rafter tie plates
Bond beam
Lintel
Shelf
Deep inset windows
King Row
For pre 33, what is primary concern or hazard?
Wall, roof, and floor collapse
For pre 33 bowstring and tied truss, the additional roof stability of plywood and metal straps can increase the potential for collapse of which walls?
Front and rear (primary danger)
Due to the presence of arch roofs that have been modified as per the Earthquake Ordinance and floor/joists rafters that have been anchored to the walls, exterior walls may suddenly collapse (during fire conditions) outward a distance that is what?
Equal to at least the height of the wall
The primary danger for pre 33 arch roofs are the front and rear wall, the secondary danger for collapse is what?
Side walls
What are the 2 safest areas for pre 33 arch roofs that may fail?
Corners of a building
Distance at least equal to height of the walls
Metal straps on roofs of buildings retrofitted for the earthquake ordinance can extend how many feet from wall?
3 to 4 feet (1/3 of the length of the building back from the front and rear walls running across width of roof as an additional requirement)
What type of buildings are primarily concrete block that form the exterior walls, strong and extensively utilized?
Block
What type of hazards are found on block construction?
Supporting of lightweight floor joists as well as fascades
What type of construction can be used on new and old style buildings which covers the exterior walls for extensive remodel additions?
Wood frame stucco
What are the hazards of wood frame stucco walls for vertical spread of fire if what type of construction is present?
Balloon
A what can be defined as an identifiable style of construction on the exterior of a building that will conceal and spread the travel (extension) of fire, which is an external attic?
Facade
Facades are used to conceal what on flat roofs?
Equipment and machinery
What 4 areas should be considered when confronted with a facade?
Overhang
Facade height
Supporter or unsupported
Height from roof
The size of a facade will have a direct effect on the what of a fire?
Area (what there is to burn)
Path of travel (extension)
The extension of fire will be affected by the presence or lack of what within a facade?
Fire stops
Facades are usually what in relation to an attic in a building?
Open or common
If a facade is exposed to fire, expect the facade to collapse outward at least what of the overhang of the facade?
The distance
For facade height, what to areas should be considered?
Roof line and laddering operations
The structural stability of a facade will be enhanced if what by pillars, posts or other means that are often used for style of decoration?
Supported
When laddering a building with a facade, ladder what portion?
One without facade
Roofs that are lower than a facade utilize what for draining and is the actual roof line?
Scupper
What on the walls of a building will also help identify the roof line with a facade?
Rafter tie plates
What buildings were constructed in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, and are primarily utilized homes?
Bungalow and balloon construction
Bungalow and ballon construction is found single family dwellings and multi story habitational occupancies up to how many stories?
4 stories
What type of construction does not utilize horizontal fire blocking in the walls and plates between multiple floors separating the attic from open vertical runs in the walls?
Balloon construction
For bungalow and balloon construction, what size studs and rafters were commonly used?
Rough cut 2 x 4
2 x 3 and 2 x 4 inch rafters for roof structural members and ridge board comprised of what size can also be found in bungalow and balloon construction?
1 x 6 (ridge board was optional)
Prior to the use of conduit and romex, a pair of wires were run throughout a structure to provide electricity to the various rooms, wires were suspended on ceramic insulators and passed through ceramic tubes when necessary to pass through studs or plates, what type of wiring is this?
Knob and tube wiring
When what type of wiring is exists, particular emphasis must be placed on eliminating the electrical service to the involved structure due to exposed wires?
Know and tube wiring
What method has dramatically cut the time necessary to complete the multi-story and high-rise buildings by bolting pre-fabricated panels on the exterior of buildings?
Curtain construction
Depending on the particular method that is employed, “curtain” construction can be about what percent faster than conventional construction?
60%
Identification of curtain construction can be facilitated by what 2 things?
Pre fire planning and recognizing the “cube” or “smooth” look
What 3 general time periods can be used to characterize a building?
Pre 1933, 1933 to late 1950s, 1950s to present
Pre 1933 buildings will consist of what?
URM
Conventional roofs
Brick walls inclined to early collapse
Structures utilizing wood shiplap exterior, balloon and bungalow construction
Knob and tube wiring
Straight or diagonal decking
1933 to late 1950s buildings will consist of what?
Solid construction in compliance with building codes
Straight or diagonal sheathing
1950s to the present buildings consist of what?
Concrete tilt ups
Facades
Flat roofs with lightweight construction
The presence of what type of construction must be identified and is accomplished by pre-fire planning, familiarity with a district, recognizing the style and age of a building, and proper communications between fireground personnel?
Lightweight construction
Construction size and configuration directly effects what?
Fireground time
The primary goal of effective ventilation operations is the reduction or removal of what 3 things from a structure enclosed area in a timely manner?
Smoke, heat, and fire gases
Proper placement of blowers will assist in achieving what 5 things?
Assist in search, extinguishment, overhaul, and fire suppression
Reduce or eliminate products of combustion
Reduce interior temperature
Improve visibility
Increase safety
Reduce fire loss
Plans for ventilation operations should behind by identifying the direction (horizontal or vertical) what must travel to exit contaminated area?
Contaminants
What 2 methods are there to pressurize a a contaminated area to enhance or direct the travel of contaminants to the exterior?
Natural or mechanical ventilation
What is easily accomplished by opening floors, windows, skylights, and other similar openings?
Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation depends on what 6 factors?
Proximity of opening to contaminate removed
Ability of contaminants to travel unobstructed to ventilation opening
Number and size of ventilation openings
Direction of wind
Humidity
Temperature differential between interior and exterior of a building
What method of ventilation is used by utilizing portable blowers by forcing the movement of contaminants to exit a pre selected and/or controlled opening?
Pressure ventilation
The current methods that are utilized to provide pressurized ventilation with portable blowers are what 2 types?
Negative and positive pressure ventilation
Which method of pressurized ventilation required placing the blower inside the building to exhaust the contaminants?
Negative pressure
What are the 5 disadvantages of negative pressure ventilation?
Personnel exposed to contaminate to position blowers
Additional clean up and maintenance of blower
To be effective, blowers suspended utilizing straps, ladders, etc
Air flows normally in straight line from fresh air inlet to blower, limits flow of air in removing contaminants in top of room
Blocks doorways
Which pressurized ventilation method requires the door to be opened and a blower is positioned outside the building forcing clean, fresh, pressurized air inside (similar to blowing a balloon?
Positive pressure
The what will be equal at the top, bottom, and corners of the building common to the pressurized air?
Positive pressure
Compared to negative pressure ventilation, positive pressure is approximately how many times as effective at removing contaminants from a building?
Twice
The effective implementation of what method of pressurization is dependent on entrance opening, air flow between openings, exhaust opening, weather, training and communication?
Positive pressure
Blower must be positions so that the what of air issued from a blower will completely cover the entrance opening to eliminate contaminants brings forced back through the “unsealed portions” of the entrance opening?
Cone
Will opening multiple windows and/or doors facilitate a successful pressure ventilation operation?
No
Exhaust opening can be selected to provide what direction to ventilate contaminated?
Either horizontal or vertical
Positive pressure is most efficient when the exhaust opening is what size of the entrance opening?
3/4 to 1 3/4
If a blower is being utilized and an exhaust odor is noticeable inside the building or area to be ventilated, this is an indicator that the what is not large enough?
Exhaust opening
As in any ventilation operation, maximum efficiency can be obtained by utilizing the what direction to an advantage (windward to leeward)?
Prevailing wind
Wind can be effective on positive pressure ventilation dependent on what?
Wind direction and velocity
Positive pressure has proven effective against winds (leeward to windward) of up to how many mph?
25 mph
A single blower should be positions so that the cone of pressurized air covers the entrance opening how much?
JUST
Optimum placement of a blower is dependent on the size of the what and what of the blower?
Size of the opening and CFM of blower
Smaller blowers need to be moved where in relation to the entrance opening?
Back
Large blowers can be placed how far to the entrance opening to properly cover the opening with pressurized air?
Closer
Tilting blowers at angles more than the manufacturer designed will result in lack of what to the crank shaft?
Lubrication
Multiple blowers in series increase what?
CFM
Multiple blowers in parallel provide more what of the opening?
Coverage
For standard entrance opening maximum effectiveness is achieved by placing how many blowers in series (inline) with each other?
2 blowers
Using 2 blowers in series increases the capacity of the blower in front by what percentage?
10%
If 2 blowers of unequal CFM are used in series, place the larger blow about how many feet back from entrance and use the smaller blower behind large blower to cover entrance opening?
2 feet
If the area in front an an entrance is limited to 3 to 4 feet (raised porch) place smaller blower in entrance and larger blower how many feet back from the door using larger cone to seal entrance?
3 to 4 feet
How much more effective are blowers in parallel configuration than series configuration for a standard opening?
Less effective
For large opening, blowers should be placed in what configuration because of their ability to cover larger openings with pressurized air?
Parallel
If venting an area with no exit utilize how many blowers normally and if not effective utilize how many blowers to provide sufficient flow of air past the exhaust contaminants?
2 normally, 3 if not sufficient flow air past exhausting contaminants
Effective ventilation required what of a contaminated area within a building?
Systematic ventilation
Removing screens on windows prior to using these openings for ventilation purposes will increase the efficiency by what percent?
50%
Which multi habitations occupancy may require creative techniques for smoke removal do to lack of ponet doors?
2 story center hallway apartments
What type of blowers will produce considerably more cfm than the same size gasoline blowers and should be considered for metro rail tunnels, high rise, large underground parking structures, and very large commercial buildings?
Water powered blowers
Depending on the fire, concentrations of carbon monoxide within the range of how many PPM are easily obtainable during overhaul operations?
500 to 1200 PPM
500 PPM of carbon monoxide can be inhaled for how long without appreciable effects?
1 hour
700 ppm of carbon monoxide inhaled for how long will cause some appreciable effects?
1 hour
1200 ppm of carbon monoxide inhaled for how long is dangerous?
1 hour
Concentrations of 4000 ppm of carbon monoxide and over at fatal in less than how long?
1 hour
Measurements during actual overhaul operations have indicated that positive pressure can easily reduce carbon monoxide concentrations how many ppm to 130 to 220 ppm?
1000 ppm
An 18 inch blower is adequate for an average how many square foot home?
2000 square feet
If any fire does begin to accelerate or spread when using the blower, turn the blower hoe many degrees away from opening?
90 degrees
Positive pressure should never be utilized in place of what and should always be used when personnel encounter hazardous atmospheres?
SCBA
How many elevator manufacturers are there?
Over 60
It is not uncommon for a single elevator to have features and special equipment offered by how many manufacturers, resulting in a wide variety of elevators with unique characteristics?
Several
What 2 types of elevators are there?
Cable operated elevators and hydraulic elevators
Cable elevators are sometimes referred to as what kind of elevator?
Electric elevator
What type of elevator consist of a shaft, elevator car, cables, counterweights, vertical tracks, emergency safety brakes, and equipment room for electric motor and winding drum?
Cable elevator
What 2 types of cable elevators are there?
Drum type and traction type
What type of cable elevator is limited to 150 foot lifts and slow speeds with winding drum that have 1 or more cables that pass through it to a moving counterweight and attached to car and is no longer manufactured (more equipment, more space required)?
Drum type
Where is the equipment room located for a drum type elevator?
Basement or roof
What type of elevator is used for greater lifts and speed, use a traction sheave, cables attached to car and pass over traction sheave to counterweights?
Traction type
Cables passing over the traction sheave unwind as fast as they wind and car speed is dependent on size of what along with the electric motor speed?
Traction sheave
What 2 types of traction equipment are there?
High speed direct traction or gearless type traction
Geared traction type
High speed direct traction or fearless type traction consists of a slow speed what type of voltage motor directly coupled to a traction sheave with a brake wheel mounted on the motor shaft?
Slow speed DC motor
Geared traction type used a high speed motor, the motor is geared to a traction sheave through what type of gears with a brake wheel between the gears and motor?
Work gear
Due to less weight, traction type elevator equipment rooms are located where?
On roof or above elevator shaft
What type of elevator are generally limited to how many stories and use hydraulic power?
Hydraulic elevators
Older hydraulic elevators are raised and lowered by a ram powered by what type of fluid to provide pressure?
Water
Newer installations of hydraulic elevators use what type of pressure to power ram?
Oil pressure
Some less modern hydraulic elevators that travel over how many stories may use cables and counterweights?
6 stories
Equipment rooms for hydraulic elevators are normally located at lower level of building but can be at any floor level or how many feet away from shaft?
50 to 100 feet
The equipment room for a hydraulic elevator will contain what?
Controller or relay panel (electronics)
Hydraulic power unit
Reservoir supply, hydraulic pump, and valves to raise and lower car are all apart of what equipment in the equipment room for hydraulic elevators?
Hydraulic power unit
What kind of elevator (cable and hydraulic) are designed to quickly move passengers to different levels within a multi story building?
Passenger elevators
Passenger elevators are normally faster than freight elevators and are often used as what type of elevator that can not stop at all floors?
Express elevator
What elevators are generally less complicated and are larger than passenger elevators?
Freight elevators
Freight elevators can be as large as how many feet and have a carry capacity of 3 tons?
12 x 14 feet
Freight elevators are generally separate from the main lobby and can have what 3 types of access?
Street, alley or loading dock access
The door on the elevator car is referred to as what and travels with the car?
Inner or car door
The door that is seen from the outside on each floor of the building is referred to as what door?
Outer or hoistway door
Outer doors can be opened or closed by electric motors or what for emergency incidents?
Manually
All types of doors are designed with a safety feature that will cause a car to stop whenever which door is opened?
Car door
What 4 types of elevator doors are there?
Swing hall
Center opening
Single slide
2 speed
For 2 speed doors one door moves how much faster than the other door so booth doors will meet concurrently in the open position?
2 speed
Elevator doors are normally opened by a power unit that is located where where the elevator car is level with a floor landing?
On top of the car
What contacts rollers on the hoistway door which released the door latch on the hoistway door?
Pick up arm (clutch, vane, bayonet, or cam)
The bottom of the door is equipped with what made of various plastic or phenolic materials?
Gib blocks
Gib blocks are how wide, high, and thick?
3” wide, 1” tall, 1/2” thick
Gib blocks are installed every how many inches across the underside
Of the door panel?
18 inches
Gib blocks provide stability to the hoistway door as it opens and closes, and can be expected to utilize how many gib blocks?
2
A centrifugal force governor is provided on most elevators to guard against over speeding when the car travels in excess of what percentage of the top speed to stop device?
20%
Safeties are installed where to provide positive emergency stopping when activated by the governor?
Bottom of elevator car and occasionally on counterweights
On elevators capable of high speeds, what are forced between w jaws and the vertical rail is gripped with increasing force to slow a runaway elevator car to a gradual stop?
Wedges
What 4 types of rescue procedures can be used to make an elevator rescue?
Moving an elevator
Adjacent car rescues
Forcing doors
Breathing elevator shafts
When it has been determined that an occupant is trapped in an inoperative elevator, position personnel equipped with portable radios at what 2 locations?
Elevator equipment room and floor where elevator is inoperable
When establishing communication with the occupants inside an elevator, have the trapped passengers verify the status of what button in the car?
Emergency stop button
In the equipment room, personnel should verify if power is on or off to elevator by check what?
Electrical circuits (main switch and fuses)
Occasionally circuits are tripped on an elevator due to what?
Overheating
How long should you turn the power off to an elevator to recycle and reset the power?
30 seconds
Do not attempt to rescue trapped passengers from an inoperative elevator unless what is disconnected?
Power to elevator
Elevator doors on hydraulic elevators (some cable) will open if the elevator is how many inches above or below floor zone?
6 inches
Elevator doors on cable elevators will open if elevator is within how many inches above or below floor zone?
18 inches
How many valves are located in the hydraulic power unit to move the car?
3 (raise, lower, level car to floor landing)
Most bleeder valves have a manual lowering screw built into the valve and are marked 1 of 3 ways?
ML, MAN, MANUAL
When a inner car door is open and the outer door remains closed, instruct the passengers to the move the latching mechanism (metal rod) on the outer door in what direction?
Upward
For a cable elevator rescue, how many members stay at the car and how many go to the equipment room?
1 at the car, 2 to the equipment room
What 3 pieces of equipment should members take to the equipment room for a cable elevator rescue?
2 claw tools, pipe wrench (or large channel locks), chalk (to mark and show movement of hub)
When moving an elevator, it is generally easier to move the car in which direction due to the counterweights?
Upward
When an inoperative elevator shares a common shaft with an operational elevator, it is possible to do what from an adjacent elevator and should be used as a last resort?
Effect a rescue
When doing a car to car rescue, position the operable elevator to the inoperable elevator and deactivate which button on both elevators?
Emergency stop button
The top emergency exit panels are secured by what and are arranged so the cover can be opened from both the inside and outside of the elevator?
Thumb screws
Does the emergency elevator cover open inward or outward?
Outward
Frequently a what is provided in a metal box on top of the elevator which can be lowered through the exit opening after the cover is removed?
Rope or chain ladder
Side emergency exits on elevators are usually what dimension?
16 inches wide, 5 feet high
Side emergency exits open in which direction?
Inward
Side emergency exits on elevators are held in place by how many fasteners so they can operated by from both inside and outside of an elevator?
4 fasteners
The hinged emergency exit panel is provided with a lock arrangement so that it can be operated from what side of the elevator with a key kept on premises by person responsible for maintenance and operation of elevator?
Inside elevator car
When performing a car to car rescue using side emergency exit doors use a short plank such as what through both cars?
Ladder
What can be used to force open center opening doors when a patient is not stable?
Air bags
For forcing elevator doors open? Insert a Hayward, crowbar, or other similar tool at which portion of the door enough to inset a small bag?
Top portion
Removing gib blocks cannot be utilized when the inoperative elevator is located at what floor of the building?
Top floor
For removing gib blocks, position personnel in the elevator room, floor landing where elevator is inoperative, and which other landing?
Floor above
Access panels to blind shafts are located how often?
Every 3 floors or 80 feet apart
When breaching an elevator shaft, the opening should be made on the what side of the shaft?
Elevator car door side
Consider using the heavy rescue for wall breaching of an elevator, their jackhammers will go anywhere what size hose line will go?
1” hose line
When breaching an elevator shaft, if necessary to use a ladder from the wall opening to the top of the car on a blind shaft, what should be considered for use on rescue personnel?
Life lines
If life lines are used, consider use of what type of taskforce for any type of rope rescue?
USAR task force
When a fire occurs in an elevator equipment room, the probably seat of the fire will be what?
The driving motors
Whenever possible use of water on elevator equipment should be avoided or what?
Used sparingly
For elevator shaft fires, the main source of fuel is debris in the what?
Put
Due to the 1971 earthquake in Sylmar and the 1994 northridge earthquake, over how many elevators were put out of service due to initial shock and aftershocks?
1000 elevators
What consists of steps, a driving motor, and gearing to form a continuous belt or track running on a set of gears?
Escalators
An escalator traveling between 90 to 120 feet per minute can carry as many as how many passengers per hour?
5000
For escalators, by clearing all escalator of all passengers, the treads can be moved backward by what pressure?
Hand pressure (older installation use crowbar or similar tool)
When cover plate on escalator is removed, the plate screws should be completely removed from the plate and plate lifted in what direction rather than backwards or away from victim?
Straight up
Part of an elevator shaft that is 3 or more consecutive floors has no hoistway doors to access the floors and is known as what?
Blind section
What type of elevator is an elevator car that has no hoistway doors to access 3 or more consecutive floors?
Express elevator
How long are pick up arms generally on a hydraulic elevator?
14 inches
How long are pick up arms on a cable elevator generally?
36 inches
Water covers about how much of the earths surface?
2/3
Water is the what of every community, and is necessary to supply water for domestic usage and fire protection considerations?
Life blood
Supply systems supply water to distribution systems, supply systems are what types?
Gravity or pump or both
What water supply system used a source from lakes of reservoirs that are high elevation than the municipality?
Gravity system
The pressure of water to a distribution system is determined by what of the source above the area of usage?
Elevation
100 feet in height will create how much pressure of what?
43 psi (.433 psi per foot of elevation)
What type of water supply system is provided when the source of water is below or same level of municipality?
Pump systems
The city of LA used a combination system (gravity and pump) to supply an average of how many gallons of water per day to 4 million people?
600 million gallons
What percentage of LAs water is supplied from 2 aqueducts from Sierra Nevada?
75%
What percentage of LAs water is supplied from wells within the SFV?
15%
What percentage of LAs water is supplied from the metropolitan water district (MWD) which supplies water from the Colorado river and state water project (Sacramento and feathers river)?
10%
Pipelines within a what system can be classified as truck lines, main lines, service and customer lines?
Distribution system
Trunk lines vary water from a primary source and can vary from how many inches to feet inside (constructed from iron or concrete)?
36 inches to 10 feet
Mains normally run beneath a street and parallel to a curb and vary from how many inches in size (iron pipe)?
2 to 72 inches
Mains can be cross connected to form what which allows shutting down a specific main within a distribution system for repairs?
Loop
Water is delivered to individual structures by a combination of what lines?
Service and customer lines
Service lines that run between a main and water meter can vary between how many inches in size (iron, copper, or galvanized pipe)?
1/2 inch to 12 inches
Customer lines run between water meter and structures and can vary between how many inches in size (iron, copper, galvanized, or plastic)?
1/2 to 12 inches
Water utility companies are normally responsible for maintenance and repair of a water distribution system including what 2 parts on the service/customer side?
Water meter device and shut off valves on either side of water meter
Building owners are normally responsible for maintenance and repair of what plumbing?
Plumbing from output side of water meter and plumbing inside of structure
Type and size of water service to a structure is determined by plumbing code requirements and consumption needs that result in what 3 water service configuration?
Domestic water only
Domestic water and water for fire protection through a single service
Domestic water and water for fire protection through separate services
What systems are comprised of shut off valves, water meters and detector check valves, and pressure reducing valves?
Water service system
What is often a centerpiece of lid that can be utilized to remove the cover?
A meterbox, vault, or manhole
The centerpiece or lid normally identifies the type of utility with “WATER”, “DWP”, “LA WATER”, “LA DWP WATER”, or “CITY WATER METER” and are often marked with what color paint?
Blue
Shut off valves (service, curb valves) are what 2 types of valves?
Non indicating and indicating valves
What valves do not indicate open or closed and are ball or cone valves and gate valves?
Non indicating valve
For non indicating valve, when closed, the valve-nut is what direction to the valve?
Perpendicular
A ball or cone valve has what type of valve-but attachment on top of the valve?
Rectangular
A gate valve is a non rising stem valve that has what type of valve-nut attachment at the top of the valve stem?
Square
What types of valves indicate open or closed and are identified by OSY and Y valves and post indicator valves (PIV)?
Indicating valve
What in the service or customer system is used to calculate water usage?
Water meters
What in the service or customer system is used to allow the flow of water in 1 direction only?
Check valves
Water meters are normally directly adjacent to shut off valves and vary in size from what inch?
1/2 to 10 inches (inlet-outlet size)
Water meters are used to calculate water usage for what type of water service?
Domestic
Compound meters are used to calculate water usage for domestic water services that can use what flows?
Low and high water flows
A compound meter operated as a standard what for low water flows?
Water meter
For high flows, what type of valve opens and allows the passage of large flows that are metered separately on a compound meter?
Check valves
Compound meters are how many inches of larger and normally found directly adjacent to shut off valves?
4 inches or larger
What type of valve and meter set are used to supply water for a closed fire protection system?
Detector check valve with bypass meter
A what opens and allows water to flow straight through unmetered in a detection check valve with bypass meter?
Check valve
Detector check valves can vary in size from how many inches?
2 to 10 inches
Most detector check valves will use a small what in parallel with the check valves to detect leaks and unauthorized use of water?
Water meter
What type of service has a domestic water meter and a detector check valve providing separate water services?
Combination water service
A combination water service (water meter and check valve) may be located in the same vault or what?
Separate in adjacent vaults
Pressure reducing valves used in domestic services reduce pressure, dwellings commonly use what psi?
40 to 80 psi
In warm climates, water meters can be placed where?
Just below grade
In warm climates, pressure reducing valves, shut off valves, and detector check valves can be located where?
Above or below grade
Domestic water services will normally consist of what inch single water meter with shit off valve on one or both sides of meter in single family dwellings?
1/2 to 2 inch
Water service for a domestic sprinkler system will normally be what size detector check valve that is located in a separate vault?
2 inch
Hotels domestic water has what size water meter?
4 to 6 inch
A hotels water for fire protection will have what size detector check valve?
4 to 8 inch
Domestic water service will normally consists of what size customer lines and water meter with a shut off valve on 1 or both sides of a meter for apartments?
1 to 3 inch
Water service for fire protection will vary between how many inches in apartments?
2 to 4 inches
The water services for domestic water and fire protection are in what vaults located below or above ground?
Separate
A common alternative to a single 1 to 3 inch water meter in an apartment is a what size equivalent water service?
3 inch
The alternative 3 inch water meter in apartments consists of 2 what size water meters in adjacent vaults that are connected to a single 3 inch customer line?
2 inch
If an apartment has dorthy Mae sprinkled, a separate what size fire service vault is used?
2 inch
Water services to commercials depend on what requirements of a structure?
Water requirements and not size of structure
A commercial occupancy with multiple occupancies such as a strip mall can be serviced with single water meter for domestic or by multiple what size water meter in separate vaults?
1 to 2 inch
Multiple water meters in separate vaults that supply domestic water to a commercial is known as a what?
Battery
Detector check valves will be what size for fire protection in separate vaults than domestic for a commercial?
2 to 4 inches
High rise domestic and fire protection are provided by what type of service?
Combination (in the same vault)
The water meter is what size in a high rise?
4 to 10 inches
Detector check valves for fire protection in a high rise will be what size?
4 to 12 inches
What type of sprinkler system has water in system at all times and when head is activated water immediately flows from activated heads?
Automatic wet pipe system
Water is supplied by gravity tank, pressure tank, automatic fire pump or a water service system in what 3 sprinkler systems?
Automatic wet, automatic dry, and deluge system
What sprinkler system has compressed air in pips and when head is activated, air is immediately released causing water to enter system to activated heads?
Automatic dry pipe system
What type of sprinkler system has dry pipes at all times and required fire department apparatus to pump water into FDC to supply water to activated heads?
Non automatic system
What type of sprinkler system may be open or closed and are supplied with water by heat actuated valves?
Deluge system
When closing a ball, cone, or gate valve that is how many inches of larger, it may be necessary to exercise a valve to completely eliminate the flow of water as valves become encrusted with rust and scale?
3 inches or larger
Occasionally a shut off valve may be encountered with a sign that says “life support machine in area” or “shut gate system divide”, do not turn them off unless what is obtained?
Appropriate approval
If a stubborn cone valve is encountered, slightly loosen the but and the bottom of the valve and strike the threaded shaft with a what?
Hammer
Do ball valves have a nut on the bottom of the valve?
No, cones do
All shut off valves should be closed and opened slowly to avoid what?
Water hammer
Shutting off water leaks that are located outside of structures are normally limited to leaks in mains, service lines or customer lines and normally handled by who?
Utility company personnel
Leaks in customer lines between a water meter, detector check valve, and structure are normally handled by who?
Fire service personnel
What PPE is recommended for sheared hydrants?
Helmet, goggles, turnouts or rain gear
How large is the painted blue cap for the hydrant gate valve?
6 inches
How many turns may be required to shut off a sheared fire hydrant?
18 to 26 turns
Approximately what percent of the hydrants in LA will shut off in a clockwise direction?
98%
The fire hydrant gate valve is normally found in direct line with the fire hydrant and perpendicular to what?
Curb
When notifying MFC of a sheared hydrant, what 3 thing must you include in your message?
Fire hydrant location
State of hydrant has been shut off
Number of valves operated
MFC notify who is a sheared hydrant?
DWP water operating trouble board
Pure natural gas is odorless, for leak detection odorant is added so that as little as what percent of natural gas can be detected?
1%
The common odorant that natural gas is laced with is what, which is used in a solution of 1 pint per million cubic feet of gas?
Mercapitan/thiophane mix
Natural gas is non toxic and not considered hazardous in small concentrations, however large amount do what and asphyxiation can occur?
Displaced oxygen
Natural gas is lighter or heavier than air?
Lighter
Butane and propane are heavier or lighter than air?
Heavier
Natural gas has an ignition temperature of what degree?
1100 degrees
Natural gas has a flammable range between what percentages?
4% and 14%
Most natural gas is initially distributed through over how many miles of transmission lines from Texas, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arizona and the Rocky Mountain area?
30,000 miles
Transmission lines maintain pressures up to what psi?
1000 psi
Natural gas is generally distributed by a combination of what?
Transmission lines and distribution mains
Natural gas is distributed to customers from the gas company through what?
Distribution mains
Service lines comes from distribution mains and do not exceed what psi?
60 psi
The pressure at the meter set assembly (MSA) is reduced to low pressure which is approximately what psi?
1/3
Distribution mains are made of what material?
Polyethylene
Older existing distribution mains are made of what but rare to find?
Steel or copper
Polyethylene mains are color coded to identify the pipe as transporting natural gas and are what color for the national color code for newer installations?
Yellow
Older installations of plastic pipe can be what colors?
Pink (salmon beige) or orange
Polyethylene will have what running the length of the pipe, for locating plastic gas lines below ground?
Wire
Above ground gas lines must be made of what and cannot be plastic?
Steel
What are normally located underneath city streets, parallel to curbs, under grassy parkways, between the curb and sidewalk, and occasionally alleys?
Distribution mains
Where are 4 places MSAs can be located?
Outside structure (outside set)
Underneath structure, stairs (underneath set)
Vault underneath sidewalk (curb meter box)
In an enclosure (cabinet) on exterior of structure (cabinet set)
Transmission lines bring natural gas into Southern California and vary in diameter from how many inches?
12 to 36 inches
MSAs can be categorized into what 3 categories?
Residential, industrial, multiple gas meter
The basic what consists of piping, shut off valve, and gas meter?
MSA
The pipe rising vertically from the ground, close to exterior wall of a structure going into MSA is called a what?
Riser
The first fitting from a riser is a shut off valve called a what?
Stopcock or service cock
A ring on a stop cock valve indicates what?
Branch service
A flat washer on a stop cock valve indicates what?
Service line is plastic inserted inside older metal pipe
A band on the stop cock valve indicates what?
Service line is plastic
A flat circular device on the riser is a what and reduces the medium 60 psi pressure to a low pressure of 1/3 psi?
Regulator
Shut off valves can be located by finding what since they are always adjacent to each other?
MSA
Look for a what that is either chiseled or painted on the curb, which marks the location where the service line passes beneath the curb and indicates which side of the building the MSA is located?
“G”
A “G” is required to be chiseled or painted on the curb by who?
CalOSHA
MSAs and shut off valves are normally located on an outside wall of the structure, easily accessible to who that reads the meters for billing purposes?
Gas company personnel
If an MSA is not visible along an outside wall, it will be found in 7 other locations?
Crawl space under building
Beneath outside staircase
Outdoor cabinet (condos)
Underground garage
Sidewalk or parkway vault on side of building
Basement (shut off valve accessible from outside)
Subsurface in parkway or sidewalk
Some MSAs may be equipped with an emergency vibration-sensitive shut off device known as what type of valve?
Earthquake valve
Earthquake valves are marketed by private industry and are normally found on what side of the MSA?
Discharge side (right side)
Earthquake valves may be shut off by doing what to shut of the flow of gas in the event of a damaged or frozen stop cock only?
Swift kicking earth quake valve
To reset earthquake valve, turn the reset button how many turns?
1/4 turn
What type of MSA is larger than a residential MSA due to the increaed flow (volume) of gas necessary?
Industrial MSAs
Industrial MSAs are a curb valve and what can be used to control the flow of gas in the service main?
Curb valve extension handle
Industrial shut of valves, known as what valves, are used for high pressure applications?
Nordstrom valves
Some nordstrom valves have gate valves with wheel handles that may be turned in what direction to close?
Clockwise
Industrial applications can use how many regulator in series to regulate gas pressure?
2
What meter is used instead of a conventional MSA to regulate high pressure and handle quick surges?
Rotary meter
Meters under a sidewalk are called what meters and common in commercial areas with the lid made of lightweight concrete or fiberglass set in a metal frame?
Curb meters
Multiple habitational or commercial occupancies are often equipped with multiple what, which provide a master stopcock and a separate meter and stopcock for each unit?
MSAs
Who is required to identify the individual MSA’s, as to which unit or building they serve. If the identification has worn away, notify them to have the meters properly marked?
Gas company
In some commercial areas, multiple structures may be commonly serviced by a single service pipe called a standard service main and is identified by what that it is a branch line?
Metal ring
In a branch service, the occupancy how far away from the supply main is a standard service while the other occupancies are branch services?
Further from supply main
To turn off the flow of gas, turn the tang what direction the flow of gas and to the pipe?
Crosswise
Tangs can be easily turned with what tool?
Crescent wrench
If the tang is stuck do not apply too much pressure, who is recommended to service a stuck tang?
Gas company
Stuck tangs can be approached in what type of conditions by the fire department?
Emergency
For a stuck tang, use how many wrenches?
2 wrenches
For a stuck tang, place 1 wrench on the backing nut and 1 on the tang, loosen the backing nut how many turns?
1/4 turn
If backing nut is loosened too far, the core can fly out, leaking medium press gas of what psi?
40 to 60 psi
Newer stop cocks have what driven into the backing nut and bolt and cannot be loosened?
Pin
Once the backing nut is loosened tap it with what, freeing the core?
Non-metallic hammer
Turn the tang 1/4 turn to stop the flow of gas, how many turns will continue to let gas flow?
1/2 turn
Once the core is free, tighten the backing nut to lock the core in what position?
Off
The tang on a Nordstrum valve can only be turned how many turns, in either direction, ensuring the “ON” and “OFF” positions are easy to locate
1/4 turn
Curb valves are also referred to as what?
Emergency shut off valve
Curb valves can be installed in addition to what at public assemblies such as school, hospitals, churches, etc and are normally located near the property line, by a sidewalk?
Stopcocks
Some industrial meters are equipped with a gate valve that has a wheel handle to what type of indicating valve?
OS AND Y
Curb valves are how many feet underground and under a small metal, concrete or fiberglass lid with “Gas Company” markings in raised letters?
2 to 3 feet
What tool can be used to lift the lid on a curb valve by inserting it in the hole?
Common utility tool or screwdriver
If the lid is stuck to gain access to a curb valve, insert the point of what tool in the hole and apply the proper leverage?
Pickhead axe
Curb valves are ordinary gate valves with what type of handle?
“Faucet” type handle
If the curb valve is too deep to reach with the hand, what type of key can be used for extra reach?
Sprinkler key (utility shut off tool)
Natural gas emergencies can be divided into what 3 categories?
Inside leaks, outside leaks, leaks resulting in fires
Of the 3 types of gas leaks, which is the greatest danger due to potential for ignition and explosion?
Inside leak
What is the first priority upon arrival on the scene of a reported gas leak?
Safety
A faint whiff of gas or a leak which has “what” for the past few days may allow more leeway to perform a leak examination as opposed to heavy odor of gas?
“Come and gone”
For faint odors, always check the condition of what as a first action?
Pilot lights
What can be used to check suspected areas to confirm a presence of a leak?
Soapy water
Sometimes, turning the appliance valve near the problem how many turns, the leak can be stopped leaving the rest of the premises unaffected?
1/4 turn
In multi-meter service occupancies, additionally the service pipe coming through the slab prior to the MSAs, there will be a master valve called what which stops the flow to all tenants in the building on the service pipe?
Isolation valve stop cock
Multiple MSAs are referred to as what?
Header
For inside leaks avoid operating what by turning them ON and OFF due to cause of sparking?
Electrical switches
For inside leaks also avoid walking on what in dry weather to prevent sparks from static eletricity?
Carpets
If it is determined to be unsafe to enter a structure due to a leak, turn off gas meter, spot apparatus in safe zones, and establish a water supply to prepare for what operations?
Fire suppression
Outside leaks are often where?
Gas service pipe or other underground lines into buildings or manholes
Gas that travels through the ground tens to deoderize as what filters out the odorant?
Soil
For outside leaks, call who because they can only shut down transmission or distribution lines?
Gas company
The fire departments role at the site of an outside gas leak is what?
Public safety
For outside gas leaks, place apparatus upwind of the leak and away from what that contain trapped gas?
Manhole covers, storm drains, or structures
How long can it take the gas company to shut off gas in a large, high pressure pipeline?
Several hours
The only sure way to safely check suspected areas of gas leaks is to use what?
Combustible gas indicators
Currently which companies carry equipment that can be used to detect the presence of natural gas and its LEL?
Hazmat companies
The gas company used to teach its members a technique known as the what for controlling the flow of gas in small diameter pipes but is not against the gas companys policy?
Bend-back method
Crimping plastic pipes is acceptable as long as all tools used to work on plastic pipes are what?
Grounded
Redwood plugs can be driven into various diameter steel pipes with what?
Rubber mallet (Wooden, rubber, plastic or brass)
Redwood plugs do not work on what type of piping?
Polyethylene pipe
Pipelines on rare occasions can contain hazardous contaminats such as what?
Polychlorinated biphenyls
The gas company states that its product is what percent free from impurities?
97%
Whenever a gas travels through piping, it can create what type of charge on the pipe?
Static electric
Fog down plastic gas pipes with a wetting agent such as what to prevent ignition from static electricity which will add an adhesive quality to water that helps insure that a static charge cannot form?
Wet water
Some plastic pipes are equipped with a what that is used to help work crews locate the pipe from above ground and does not provide an electrical chage?
Wire
What are the 4 considerations for a natural gas fire?
Protect exposures
Let gas burn until supply is shut off
Control evacuation and maintain site security
Notify gas company
Small gas fires can be extinguished with what if necessary, approach fire at shut off valve?
Dry chemical or CO2 extinguisher
For large gas fires, what type of stream can be used to approach any valves?
Fog stream
What is the cylinder inside a stopcock that allows or blocks the flow of gas, it is connected to the tang and rotated by turning the tang and held in place by a backing nut?
Core
What toxic gas that, on rare occasions, is present in leaks at natural gas compressor stations or at underground storage fields?
Hydrogen sulfide
What is a meter that serves more than one unit, e.g., an apartment complex or mobile home park called?
Master meter
The air rescue cushion is composed of how many cells?
2, larger upper cell and small lower cell
Each cell on the rescue air cushion is inflated by a separate blower through a what?
Air tube or sock
The cushion comes with 2 how many horsepower electric blowers?
1/2 horsepower
What 3 sources can the electric blowers be connected to for a power source?
Truck on board generator, portable generator, and 110 supply (house current)
The department has how many rescue cushions?
24
How many rescue cushions are rated for 100 feet and 70 feet?
6 rated at 100 foot and 18 rated at 70 feet
The rating of the air cushions reflect the height of what person?
Jumper
The 24 air cushions have replaced how many life nets carried by truck companies?
47
The assignment for a jumper incident consists of what companies?
1 BC
1 TF
1 ALS RA
If an air cushion is needed, it must be specifically asked by who and the closest task force with an air cushion will be added?
IC
Fire station 2, 11, 17, 85, 27, 37, 48, 50, 60, 63, 64, 69, 70, 72, 26, 93, 94, 98 all carry which rated air cushion?
70 feet
Fire stations 10, 20, 58, 88, 95, and recruit training carry which rated air cushion?
100 feet
What 2 situations will confront rescuers with a jumper incident?
Fire or industrial accident and potential suicide victim
Every attempt must be made by the rescuers to break through what barrier and gain cooperation of the victim when confronted with a jumper in a fire or industrial situation?
“Fear barrier”
For a suicide jumper, the fire department will work under the direction of who to mitigate the emergency?
Police department
For a suicide jumper, rescuers should attempt to confine the jumper to what area if possible to reduce the size of the target area on the ground?
Small area
The air rescue cushion is comprised of 2 separate cells, are they completely sealed off from each other?
No
Air passes from lower small cell to larger upper cell by way of what between the 2 in the air cushion?
Small vent
Which cell on the air cushion absorbs most of the energy generated by an impact?
Upper cell
Where are the breather ports located on the air cushion which air dissipates out of from the upper cell?
Side and front
The amount of air released from the air cushion is regulated by what over the breather ports?
Elastic cord tie
For a former air cushion, the cord must be what so less air is released?
Tighter
Does the lower cell on the air cushion have a breather port?
No
The lower cell has how much more energy absorbing capability of the upper cell?
Twice
Which cell provides the safety margin for the air cushion and determines the limiting height from which a person may safely fall?
Lower cell
The air cushion is able to absorb and dissipate the energy of impact in less than how many seconds?
1/6 of a second
What is the air cushion constructed with?
Vinyl reinforced fabric, fire retardant and water proof
The tear strength of the material on the air cushion is over how many psi?
50 psi
The seams of the air cushion are seen with what type of thread which is stronger than the material of the cushion
Heavy duty nylon thread
If the air cushion is torn or punctured during an operation, will it seriously affect its capability?
No
If the air cushion inches minor damage, what will easily compensate for the additional loss of air?
The electric blowers
What 2 factors is the air cushion rating based on?
Max floor height and ability of person falling to properly hit the target
The maximum floor height a person may fall is based on how many feet per floor with the person landing on the buttocks or back on the air cushion?
10 feet
A person landing on the buttocks or back on the air cushion is safely below the human tolerance level as per who in “human tolerance to shock”?
US Air Force
Air cushion and blowers should be moved to what area when setting up and not in target area?
Pre deployment area
For suicide jumpers, the air cushion should be set up out of what?
View
What are hazards that can damage the air cushion?
Sprinkler heads and broken glass
Of the 3 sources of power to supply the electric blowers, which is the preferred source?
Truck on board generator
The Onan on the truck has the capability of running how many blowers simultaneously?
2 blowers
Portable generators carried by truck companies does not have the capability of starting how many blowers at the same time?
2 blowers
The use of what is desirable (remote power sources) that add the advantage of reducing noise levels at incidents and aiding in communications?
110 AC power source
As a last resort what else can be used to inflate the air cushion?
Portable gas blowers
What are the 2 negatives when using gas blowers to inflate air cushion?
Significant amount of noise and produces
Carbon monoxide which causes long term degenerated effects to the material on air cushion
The air cushion will full inflate in less than how many seconds?
20 seconds
When the air cushion is inflated, walk around air cushion and insure that the breather port flanges are what?
Straight
Drop bags should be attached to the eye of each corner of the cushion, a pre cut drop cord of how many feet works well?
6 feet
The person falling into the air cushion should be instructed to fall as if they were what causing the person falling to land on the small of their back?
Sitting down
If 2 people must fall at the same time into the air cushion, they should do what with each other tightly from the moment they jump until impact?
Hug each other
If 2 people jumping into the air cushion fall how far apart, injury may occur?
Fraction of a second
The air cushion will reinflate in how many seconds?
20 seconds
Always have how many persons observing operation for reinflation and to direct movement of the air cushion?
1 company member
When breaking the air cushion down, fold the air cushion into a width that will allow it to fit on the what?
Carrier
When rolling the air cushion, roll it towards the what to allow residual air to be forced out of the air cushion?
Socks
Never store the air cushion while what?
Wet (allow it to dry)
For air cushion incidents (Task force) who is responsible for safety, supervised deployment, controls timing of jumper, ensures cushion is fully inflated and is the liaison with LAPD and IC?
TFC
For air cushion incidents (task force) who is responsible for primary (portable generator) and secondary (fixed electrical) power sources and deploys lighting to target area at night?
AO
For air cushion incidents (Task force) who is responsible for assisting in moving air cushion to target area and assist in deployment of air cushion?
Tiller, top, inside, nozzle and hydrant member
For air cushion incidents (Task force) who is responsible for assisting in moving air cushion to target area, police target area for hazards, insure air rescue cushion is fully inflated, supervised deployment of air cushion in pre deployment area, coordinates movement of equipment?
Engine captain
For air cushion incidents (Task force) who is responsible for assisting in deployment of blowers to target area, attaches blowers to sock, controls electric blower movement in coordinating with air cushion?
Engine engineer
For air cushion incidents (Task force) who is responsible for assisting in deployment of blowers to target area, attaches blowers to sock, controls electric blower movement in coordinating with air cushion and moved 2 18 inch gas blowers to target areas as back up air source?
Pump engineer
What 2 times should the air cushion be inspected?
After use and monthly
Each air cushion comes with what for minor cuts and tears?
Repair kit
If the stitching comes apart, can the air cushion be patched on a seam?
No
The air cushion can be cleaned with what and should only be done if absolutely necessary to allow it to dry?
Cold water and deck brush
For major damage and stitching coming apart at seams, the air cushion must be sent to who for repairs?
S and M
What are the dimensions for the 70 foot (model 70A) air cushion?
15’x20’x8’ rated for 7th floor
How much does the 70 foot air cushion weigh?
190 pounds
How much does the 70 foot air cushion cost?
6,000
What are the dimensions for the 100 foot (model 100A) air cushion?
20’x50’x9’, rated for 10th floor
How much does the 100 foot air cushion weigh?
360 pounds
How much does the 100 foot air cushion cost?
8,500
What power is required for both air cushions in voltage AC?
115 V AC
What size electric blowers power the 70 foot air cushion?
2 20” blowers 1/2 HP, 60 HZ
What size electric blowers power the 100 foot air cushion?
1 20” and 1 24”, 1/2 HP, 60 HZ
How long is the 1/2 static kernmantle life line, white in color with blue or red stripes stored in the red bag (mainline)?
300 feet
How long is the 1/2 static kernmantle lifeline, orange in color, stored in an orange bag (belay line)?
200 feet
How many class 3 harnesses (large) are carried on an engine company?
2
How many class 3 harnesses (1 small/medium, 2 large) are carried on a truck company?
3
How many 8mm 20’ LRHs are carried for the 2 line rope system?
2
How many stainless steel brake bar racks, with 6 aluminum bars are carried in the 2 line rope system?
2
How many carabiners are carried in the 2 line rope system?
8
How many 8 mm 6 foot and 5 foot accessory cord are carried in the 2 line rope system?
2 of each
How many blue 1” tubular webbing, 5 feet in length are carried in the 2 line rope system?
2
How many yellow 1” tubular webbing, 12 feet in length are carried in the 2 line rope system?
2
How many red 1” tubular webbing, 20 feet in length are carried in the 2 line rope system?
2
How many inspection record sheets (F-975) are carried in each bag?
1
How many 2”x7’ anchor strap with D rings at both ends are carried in the 2 line rope system?
1
How many pieces of yellow multi-poop webbing, 3 foot in length are carried in the 2 line rope system?
2
What percentage of the load is carried on (kern) core for the 1/2” static kernmantle rope?
90%
What is the 1/2” kernmantle rope rated at?
10,000 pounds
How much does the 1/2” kernmantle rope weight per 100 feet?
7 pounds
The 1/2” kernmantle rope meets what NFPA standard for 1 and 2 person rescues?
1995
What known as the rated breaking strength of the rope when pulled in a straight line, with no knots, under laboratory conditions to a point where it can be excoriated to break?
Tensile strength
What will reduce the tensile strength of rope?
Age of rope and knots
To determine the safe working load of a rope, you divide the manufacturers rated tensile strength by the NFPA safety factor of what?
15
What is the working load of the 1/2” kernmantle rope?
666 pounds (10,000 divided by 15), exceeds NFPA standard of 600 pounds for a 2 person rope
The best way to remove dirt particles from a rope is to place rope in what and placing it in washing machine on gentle cycle in cold water?
Mesh bag of pillow case
What 3 approved cleaners can be used to wash lifeline rope?
Lifeline cleaner, ivory snow, or woolite
Rope ends should be swapped end to end how often to reduce wear on the most used part of the rope?
Annually
When ropes and software are not in use, store them in a cool dry location away from direct exposure to what due to UV radiation?
Sunlight
Protect ropes and software from extended contact with what 4 types of chemicals?
Alkaline, oxidizing agents, bleaching compounds, and acids
Static kernmantle rope has a melting point of what degree?
450 degrees
What are the 3 approved markers for lifeline rope?
Carter’s MARKS-A-LOT, stanford SHARPIE, and binney-smith MAGIC MARKER
What does 1 strip and 2 strips mean when marking lifeline rope?
1 strip is for odd years, 2 strips is for even years
When are the 4 times the F-975 should be logged?
When receiving it, training, emergency incidents, monthly checks
During monthly checks if any problems encountered call who and be guided by their direction?
USAR 88
What 5 things do you inspect the lifeline rope for?
Sheath is abraded, fuzzy, exposing core
Rope is lumpy or hard
Rope has hourglass shape
Rope comes in contact with chemical
Rope has been shock loaded
Rope can be damaged if left on floor due to what?
Concrete contains acid and stepping on rope grinds in dirt
Rope can be damaged from wet or damp areas because it promotes growth of what?
Mold and mildew
Stepping on or dragging the rope on ground will contaminate it with what which can work into core and damage fibers?
Dirt and grit
One of the most convenient ways of storing, transporting and protecting lifeline rope is in what?
A bag
Lifeline rope should be secured to the bottom of the bag by tying what knot?
Figure 8 stopper
What are the 4 advantages of using lifeline rope inside of a bag?
Rope can be flaked faster than coiling
Protects rope from damage
Rope pays out if worn for rappelling
Rope is easy to deploy
What type of webbing is constructed of single layer of material similar to ladder straps, less expensive, stiffer and more difficult to work with than tubular webbing?
Flat webbing
What 2 types of tubular webbing is there?
Edge stitched and spiral weave (shuttle loom)
Of the 2 types of tubular webbing, which one is the standard in rope rescue operations?
Spiral weave
The 1” tubular webbing is rated at how many pounds?
4000
What is accessory 8 mm nylon cord rated at to make LRHs and prusik loops?
3630 pounds
“D” shaper carabiners are rated at how many pounds?
9000 pounds
What are the 4 basic parts of a carabiner?
Spine, hinge, gate, latch
The “D” shaped carabiner is designed to carry the load along what side?
Spine
What 3 things should you never do to a carabiner?
Never tighten using channel locks
Never re-tighten under a load
Never side load a carabiner
Carabiners should be placed in a system so that the gate is where and gravity keeps the unlocking screw closed?
Bottom
What equipment is the preferred friction device among vertical cavers and rescue teams?
Brake bar racks
How many aluminum bars are attached to the brake bar rack?
6
The welded eye on the brake bar rack is rated at how many pounds?
10,000 pounds
The rope is woven through the brake bar rack starting with the large bar that has what type of groove manufactured in it?
Training
If the rope is woven through the bars incorrectly in the brake bar, and a load is applied to safety check it, what will the bars do?
“Pop” off and release rope
For a single person load (rappel or lower) start with how many bars?
4
For a 2 person load, start with how many bars?
5
The maximum bars to be used in an operation on a brake bar is 6, what is the minimum?
3
One method of adjusting the amount of friction in the system while using the brake bars is controlled by what?
Sliding bars on rack
Tying off the brake bar rack required how many half hitched after wrapping the rope twice over the yoke?
2
How often should checks be made of the welded eye of the brake bar rack and to ensure the rack is not bent?
Periodic
The aluminum bars in the brake bar should be checked how often?
Routinely
What frictioning/lowering/rappelling device comes with or without ears, tend to twist the rope during use, and once on the rope it is difficult to increase friction?
Figure 8 plate
Rappelling or lowering operations over how many feet require a brake bar rack to be used due to twisting of the rope?
75 feet
What are used to reduce friction on turns and allows you to build mechanical advantage systems?
Pulleys
The strength of the rope is restored fully when placed over a turn of a pulley that is at least how many times the diameter of the rope?
4 times
Pulleys can have what type of side plates with single or double sheaves?
Stainless steel or aluminum
What 2 types of pulleys does the LAFD use?
2 1/2 aluminum prusik minding pulley and 4 inch stainless steel
For the class 3 harnesses, the rear strap support should be adjusted to the middle of the back, just below what?
The shoulders
For the class 3 harnesses, how many types of rear strap supports are there?
2, 1 with “D” ring for fall support and 1 with just back support
What are the small loops used for on the waist of the class 3 harness?
Attachment for extra equipment (webbing and carabiners only), WILL NOT SUPPORT YOUR WEIGHT
The straps for the class 3 harness should be secured by the keepers, if keeps brake off how can the straps be secured?
Electrical tape or tie off with overhand knot
What is the proper tightening order for the straps on the class 3 harness?
Waist first, legs second, chest third
When connecting the main and belay line, which line goes to the waist and which line goes to the chest on the class 3 harness?
Main to waist, belay to chest
Main and belay line should be connected to the class 3 harness by what knot with a carabiner?
Figure 8 on a night
If you do not have a carabiner to connect to the class 3 harness, what 2 knots can you use?
Figure 8 follow through or bowline backed up with a double overhand knot
What efficiency is measured by the percentage of rope strength that remains after a knot is tied on the rope?
Knot efficiency
Many of the knots used in the departments rope rescue systems belong to what family of knots?
Figure 8
What knot can be used to tie off knots in webbing (seat harness) and in making other knots?
Overhand knot
What knot can be used to make a double half hitch or single half hitch?
Half hitch
What knot is used to create a load releasing hitch and supply friction in all types of rope systems?
Munter hitch
What knot has a variety of uses to secure webbing/rope to an anchor and secure a nozzle using a drop bag?
Birth hitch/larks foot
What knot is used in many applications such as securing an extinguisher or crow bar?
Clover hitch
What knot is also a stopper knot, recommenced for the end of a throwbag, lifeline and drop bag and has a 75% knot efficiency?
Figure 8 stopper knot
What knot is used to tie the end of a rope around an anchor and has an 80% knot efficiency?
Figure 8 follow through
Which knot is on a bight and created a loop at the end of the rope for attaching anchors, hardware, and other ropes with the use of a carabiner and has an 80% knot efficiency?
Figure 8 on a bight
What knot is used to tie 2 ropes of the same size together and has an 80% knot efficiency?
Figure 8 on a bend
What knot is strong and has 2 loops to reduce wear and strength loss from the rope bending around the carabiner by splitting the load between 2 loops and has an 80% knot efficiency?
Double figure 8 on a bight
Accessory cord is made from
Nylon kernmantle rope and ranges from what millimeters in diameter?
6 mm to 10 mm
When using accessory cord for prusik loops, the cord used should not be less than how many inches or more than 2/3 the diameter of the rope it is to be tied on?
1/2 inch
The LAFD used what size prusik loops (accessory cord) on all 1/2 inch static kernmantle rope?
8 mm
What knot is used to tie 2 ends of accessory cord together to create a prusik loops, a good knot for attaching 2 equal or unequal diameter ropes together, used to back up bowlines, and has an 80% knot efficiency?
Double overhand bend or “double fisherman”
The prusik on the main line acts as a what?
Brake
The tandem prusik (2 prusik) on the belay do what?
Arrest a fall
When placing the prusik on a lifeline, wrap it how many times?
3
What knot is used to join 2 pieces of webbing together and has a knot efficiency of 65%
Water knot
What knot is use to put a loop in the end of a length of webbing but can set very tight, making it difficult to untie?
Overhand loop
What knot around any anchor point requires at least 3 wraps, has 100% knot efficiency?
Tensionless hitch or “no knot”
When using a no knot, the rope should not cross over itself when wrapped, if anchor is above the load, the rope be should spiral wrapped up with the standing end where in case the load has to be lowered slightly?
At the top
What knot should be backed up with a double overhand knot for safety and has a 65% knot efficiency?
Bowline
What knot is used to tie a loop in the middle of a rope in situations where the ends of the rope may also be carrying a load and has a 75% knot efficiency?
Butterfly knot
What type of hitch is utilized by the LAFD constructed of 8 mm accessory cord and is 20 feet long, designed to act as a shock absorber when main and belay line are shock loaded or to pass knots through the system?
Load releasing hitch (LRH)
When making the LRH, take the 2 bitter ends and tie an overhand knot in them, leaving how long of a tail?
2 inch
After making the Munter hitch on the LRH, pull slack on rope through the Munter hitch until carabiners touch, pull carabiners apart until Munter hitch flips over, how big should the space be between the carabiners?
4 to 5 inches
For the LRH, how many wraps between the carabiners?
3 to 6 times
When using a class 2 harness, what other harness should also be used?
Chest harness
To tie a chest harness, use a piece of 1” tubular webbing approximately how many feet in length?
10 to 14 feet
Can the main and belay line share the same anchor if it is bomb proof?
Yes, but must be attached by separate piece of webbing
When considering if an anchor is bomb proof, compare it to measuring up to department what?
Apparatus
Pockets are 1 inch round steel stacks and should be how many feet in length?
3 feet
Pickets are pounded 2 feet into the ground at what degree away from the object?
15 degrees
General guidelines were developed by who for loading picket anchor systems in “average” loamy soil?
US Army
How many pounds is a single picket rated at?
700
How many pounds is a 1-1 picket system rated at?
1400 pounds
How many pounds is a 1-1-1 picket system rated at?
1800
How many pounds is a 2-1 picket system rated at?
2000
How many pounds is a 3-2-1 picket system rated at?
4000
What type of PPE is required for the 2 line rope system?
Brush jacket, helmet, eye protection, and gloves
What are the minimum members needed for a 2 line rope system operation?
4, one rescuer, one main line tender, one belay tender, one technical safety officer
The Munter hitch on the LRH hitch goes towards what?
The anchor
When tending to the belay line, the lead hand holds the belay line and puts what type of turn in the line?
“Z” turn
Commands during a lowering operation are given by the member in charge which could be who?
TSO, rescuer, or member put into that position
When working within how many feet to the edge, you must be tied off?
5 feet
If you must see over the edge without a rope, do what and look over?
Crawl up slowly on your stomach
Who shall inspect and approve all system components prior to starting any operation with ropes?
TSO
The LAFD believes how many ropes should always be used in a system?
Two ropes
What 3 tools can be used as a reaching device for grabbing a victim during a swift water operation?
D handled pike pole, D handled rubbish hook, or a 6 foot pole with a D handle at both ends
The crossfire portable monitor is manufactured by what company?
Task force tips
What 5 components make up the TFT crossfire portable monitor?
Cross fire upper assembly
Stow-a-way 800 base
Built in shut off
Master stream 1000 selectable spray tip
Tie down strap
Low nozzle elevation angles can cause the portable monitors to slide or lift resulting in injury or death, do not operate the monitor on the portable base below the what?
Elevation safety stop
To prevent the monitor from sliding, make sure base legs all locked in position and all what in contact with the ground?
Leg spikes
To prevent the portable monitor from sliding, securely tie the monitor to an object capable of withstanding how many pounds of force?
900 pounds
What type of streams are powerful and capable of causing injury and property damage?
Master streams
What 3 safety headings does the portable monitor provide?
Danger, warning, caution
How much does the crossfire upper assembly weigh?
17 pounds
The stow-a-way 800 base weighs how much including the 4” inline shut off valve that weighs 23 pounds combined?
43.7 pounds
The total weight of the portable monitor is approximately how many pounds?
61 pounds
An automatic what empties the water from a low point in the portable monitor piping preventing freezing and helps empty the hose lines?
Drain
The valve in the drain is designed to close automatically when the pressure in the monitor exceeds approximately what psi and opens again when the pressure drops to that point?
5 psi
The legs of the portable monitor are made of what and will flex when in use to compensate for small ground irregularities?
Stainless spring steel
The cross fire portable monitor is intended for max floor of 800 gpm, but TFT allows LAFD to flow up to how many gpm with as long as the portable base is attached to a loop of loaded 4” supply hose?
1000 gpm
How many pawls actuated by the slide bar engage in the base swivel to make the quick connect joint on the portable monitor?
2 pawls
What engages in the slide bar to prevent accidental unlocking of the slide bar when the monitor is under pressure?
Safety plunger
What is provided to secure the portable monitor to an anchor point or to a loop of hose?
Tie down strap
The tie down strap is made of nylon webbing and is how many feet long?
8 feet
Each end of the tie down strap has a loop and how many carabiners is provided for attachment to the base of the portable monitor?
1
To install the upper assembly of the portable monitor to the base, make sure the nozzle is above what degree safety stop?
35 degrees
Side to side rotation on the portable monitor is accomplished by rotating which part of the monitor?
Upper assembly on its base
When not rotating the upper assembly on the base of the portable monitor, keep the rotation lock in what position?
Locked
When a nozzle is flowing water, the reaction force is in what type of line directly opposite the water flowing out the end of the nozzle?
Straight line
If a nozzle on a portable monitor is pointed straight up, all of the reaction force is directed where and there is no sideways force that can cause the base to slide?
Straight down
As the elevation angle of the nozzle is lowered, the downward component of force decreases while the horizontal component of the force does what, causing more tendency for the portable monitor to move sideways?
Increases
When the nozzle is at an angle of what degree, the force acting sideways is equal to the force acting downward on the base of the portable monitor?
45 degrees
At an angle of what degrees (angle at elevation stop), approximately 82% of the nozzle reaction force is acting sideways on the base of the portable monitor?
35 degrees
When the nozzle is at what degree angle, the entire reaction force is acting sideways on the base and there is no downward force at all?
Zero degrees
You should not operate the portable base below what because it is dangerous and injury or death can occur if the monitor and base slides or lifts off the ground?
Safety stop
The crossfire portable monitor has how many tungsten carbide tipped spikes on the legs and the base to resist sliding by digging into the surface the monitor is sitting on?
5 or 6
The amount of what the spikes can withstand depend on downward and sideways force that is on the base and the hardness and texture the spikes are in contact with?
Sliding force
Spikes are essential to safe operations and must be in contact with the ground at all times, set the monitor on even surface so that how many spikes contact the ground?
All 3
Replace and spike if the tip diameter exceeds how many inches?
1/16
Spikes are sharp and exposed, use care around spikes to avoid injury and damage to what?
Clothing and property
When anchoring the tie off strap to an object or hose, if the strap is too short to reach a suitable anchor, it may be extended with what?
Strong rope or chain
When securing the tie down strap to the 4” hose, the diameter of the loop of hose should be how much?
10 feet
A sliding monitor can cause injury, remove all slack between what before flowing water on the portable monitor?
Anchor and base
As horizontal angle increases between the anchor strap and stream, the base can begin to slide in an arc around the anchor point which may require how many anchor points?
Multiple
When connecting the hose to the portable monitor, extend the hose straight back from the portable monitor at least how many feet?
10 feet
Because of the arched trajectory of a fire stream, it is recommended that what be used to accurately direct the stream from the monitor?
A spotter
Safe operation of the monitor on the portable base begins with what selection?
Site selection
Select a flat even surface within how many feet of the 4” hose that is looped around the monitor or a sturdy object that can be used as an attachment point for the anchor strap?
8 feet
Make sure there is no damage to the appliance such as dents, cracks, corrosion, missing, broken or loose parts, damaged marking or other defect how often?
Before use
When using the hose loop as anchor, place the first female coupling alongside the 4” hose approximately how many feet back from the male coupling of the monitor and the coupling to the hose at that point using a ladder strap?
10 feet
What psi should be pumped to the portable monitor at 350, 500, 750, and 1000 gpm?
105 psi @ 350 gpm
110 psi @ 500 gpm
115 psi @ 750 gpm
125 psi @ 1000 gpm
Which nozzle is the ONLY one that can be used with the crossfire portable monitor?
Master stream 1000 selectable volume spray tip
The portable monitor should be kept clean and free of dirt by flushing with water after what?
Each use
Do not make any alterations to monitor, any alterations to monitor and markings could diminish what and constitutes a misuse of this product?
Safety
To lube the zerk fitting for the elevation worm gear, turn the elevation handwheel to move the nozzle to its highest elevation and pump what type of grease into fitting until excess appears?
Medium viscosity automotive grease
