Blood

Question 1

blood overview

Answer 1

• type of connective tissue

- two main portions: liquid + cells

Question 2

liquid of blood

Answer 2

plasma

Question 3

formed elements

Answer 3

the cells found in blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Question 4

serum

Answer 4

• plasma with the clotting factors removed

- commonly used for lab tests

Question 5

functions of plasma (4)

Answer 5

• helps buffer pH of blood
• aids in coagulation (blood clotting)
• assists in transporting large organic molecules in blood
• contains proteins that maintain blood’s osmotic pressure

Question 6

pH of blood

Answer 6

~ 7.4

Question 7

osmotic pressure

Answer 7

• net pressure in blood that moves fluid from tissues into the circulatory system
• maintained by proteins in plasma - naturally attract water from tissues into the capillaries

Question 8

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 8

pressure of blood pumping from heart that pushes fluid into tissues

Question 9

osmotic vs. hydrostatic pressure

Answer 9

• oppose each other

- balance of this opposition is important for homeostasis

Question 10

hemoglobin

Answer 10

• helps red blood cells carry oxygen
• ~250 million hemoglobin molecules per red blood cell
• when old blood cell destroyed, hemoglobin released so iron can be recycled and reused by the red bone marrow

Question 11

amt red blood cells in blood

Answer 11

4 - 6 million per 1mm3 whole blood

Question 12

red blood cells overview

Answer 12

• small biconcave disks
• most abundant cell in blood
• anucleate (lose nucleus + synthesize hemoglobin in order to enter blood stream)
• function = carry oxygen

Question 13

red bone marrow

Answer 13

• found in skull, ribs, vert, ends of long bones

- continuously manufactures red blood cells

Question 14

life span of red blood cells

Answer 14

• live ~ 120 days
• destroyed by liver and spleen
• hemoglobin is recycled but heme is degraded and excreted by liver as bile pigment

Question 15

white blood cells overview

Answer 15

• aka leukocytes
• larger than red blood cells
• large nucleus
• no hemoglobin

Question 16

white blood cells function

Answer 16

inflammatory response to microorganism entering body through injury to blood vessel
how it works:
- blood flow to site of injury increases to bring white blood cells (that’s what causes redness and swelling)
- white blood cells squeeze through capillaries and enter tissue fluid, where destroy any foreign materials

Question 17

pus

Answer 17

thick yellowish fluid that contains lots of dead white blood cells

Question 18

3 groups of white blood cells

Answer 18

1. granulocytes (contain granules in cytoplasm)
2. agranulocytes (no granules in cytoplasm)
3. lymphocytes

Question 19

types of granulocytes (3)

Answer 19

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 20

types of lymphocytes (2)

Answer 20

T-Cells

B-Cells

Question 21

blood platelets

Answer 21

• aka thrombocytes
• fragments of megakaryocytes (large bone marrow predecessor)
• involved in coagulation – stick to edge of wound + clot the opening, release chemicals to signal coagulation cascade

Question 22

coagulation cascade

Answer 22

series of events to start blood clotting mechanism

Question 23

prothombrin activator

Answer 23

• clotting factor
• released by platelets and injured tissue (start of coagulation cascade)
• converts prothombrin to thombrin

Question 24

thombrin

Answer 24

converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 25

fibrinogen

Answer 25

substance from the liver floating in blood

Question 26

fibrin

Answer 26

• threads that wind around platelet plug (damaged area) to form framework for clot
• red blood cells get trapped in thread to form red looking clot

Question 27

plasmin

Answer 27

enzyme that destroys fibrin clot once blood vessel repair begins