Abnormalities in urine / micturition / acid-base balance

Question 1

cloudy urine caused by

Answer 1

pus (dead wbcs) present due to a recent or active UTI

Question 2

abnormal urine color caused by

Answer 2

drugs, foods (i.e. beets), presence of bile pigments or blood

Question 3

weird smell of urine caused by

Answer 3

foods (i.e asparagus), drugs, diseases (i.e. diabetes mellitus causing fruity smell)

Question 4

abnormally basic urine caused by

Answer 4

diet with lots of citrus, veggies, dairy

Question 5

abnormally acidic urine caused by

Answer 5

diet high in protein

Question 6

abnormal solutes in urine (6)

Answer 6

• glucose
• rbcs
• blood proteins
• hemoglobin
• pus (wbcs)
• bile pigments

Question 7

incontinence

Answer 7

• inability to voluntarily control micturition

- normal for infants

Question 8

causes of incontinence (4)

Answer 8

• end stage dementia
• emotional trauma
• pregnancy
• nervous system injury

Question 9

causes of urinary retention (2)

Answer 9

• recovery from general anesthesia (detrusor muscle slow to regain activity)
• overgrowth of prostate in men narrowing urethra

Question 10

catheter

Answer 10

thin rubber tube inserted into urethra in order to empty bladder

Question 11

metabolic acidosis

Answer 11

• lower blood pH with normal blood CO2 levels

- -> low pH is due to HCO3- concentration being < 22 mEq/L

Question 12

respiratory acidosis

Answer 12

• lower blood pH with PCO2 > 45 mm (extra H+ from CO2 in blood)
• caused by shallow breathing or limited gas exchange (e.g. due to pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, etc) –> not breathing out enough of the CO2

Question 13

respiratory alkalosis

Answer 13

• higher blood pH with PCO2 < 35 mm
  (not enough H+ from CO2 in blood)
• caused by hyperventilation –> breathing out too much CO2

Question 14

respiratory compensation

Answer 14

respiratory system tries to correct pH imbalance due to metabolic acidosis / metabolic alkalosis

Question 15

renal compensation

Answer 15

renal system tries to correct pH imbalance due to respiratory acidosis / respiratory alkalosis

Question 16

metabolic acidosis

Answer 16

• lower blood pH with normal blood CO2 levels –> low pH is due to HCO3- concentration being < 22 mEq/L
• caused by buildup of acidic metabolic products, diabetic ketosis, or extreme diarrhea

Question 17

metabolic alkalosis

Answer 17

• higher blood pH with normal blood CO2 levels –> high pH is due to HCO3- > 26 mEq/L
• caused by vomiting, excess antacid intake, and constipation

Question 18

acidic metabolic products (2)

Answer 18

1. acetic acid (from alcohol overdose)

2. lactic acid (muscular contraction byproduct from exercising)