BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY

Question 1

The shape of the bacteria is determined by the mechanism of _____ assembly:

Answer 1

Cell wall

Question 2

Mention 3 organisms with a shape described as “spirochete”:

Answer 2

Remember “BLT” or ‘BoLeT”

1. Borrelia
2. Leptospira
3. Treponema

Question 3

Lancet-shaped diplococci:

Answer 3

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 4

Coffee bean-shaped diplococci:

Answer 4

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 5

With tapered/tapering ends bacteria:

Answer 5

Fusobacterium

Question 6

example of palisade arrangement bacteria:

Answer 6

Corynebacterium

Question 7

“picket fence”. “Chinese letter arrangement”

Answer 7

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 8

Unit of measurement of bacteria:

Answer 8

Micrometer

Question 9

Smallest pathogenic bacillus

Answer 9

Haemophilus

Question 10

Largest pathogenic bacillus

Answer 10

Bacillus anthracis

Question 11

Mucilaginous envelope that surrounds some bacteria

Answer 11

Capsule

Question 12

The capsule of Bacillus anthracis is made of:

Answer 12

Poly-D-glutamic acid

Question 13

A test that detects capsules in bacteria:

Answer 13

Quellung reaction

Question 14

Enumerate encapsulated microorganisms:

Answer 14

• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Neisseria meningitidis
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Haemophilus influenza
• Salmonella typhi
• Cryptococcus neoformans
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Mnemonic: “Some Nasty Killers Have Some Capsule Protection”

Question 15

Special staining methods for capsules:

Answer 15

• Hiss stain
• India Ink stain (negative stain) (stains the background)

Question 16

Loosely arranged extracellular material that surrounds bacterial cells; found in biofilm

Answer 16

Slime layer

Question 17

Known bacteria that use biofilm to adhere to surfaces, like catheters/artificial implants

Answer 17

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Question 18

Also known as the peptidoglycan layer or murein layer; protects bacteria against osmotic pressure; gives shape to bacteria; confer the gram’s reaction of the bacteria

Answer 18

Cell wall

Question 19

It is composed of a very thick protective peptidoglycan (murein layer);

Answer 19

Gram-positive cell wall

Question 20

Gram (+) cell wall consists of glycan chain of alternating _________ (NAG) and ___________ (NAM)

Answer 20

N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG)
N-acetyl-D-muramic acid (NAM)

Question 21

Negatively charged and contributes to the negativity of the cell wall; it may also bind and regulate the movement of cations into and out of the cell:

Answer 21

Teichoic acid

Question 22

Composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan. No teichoic acid:

Answer 22

Gram-negative cell wall

Question 23

Between outer membrane and gram-negative cell wall:

Answer 23

Periplasmic space

Question 24

Concurs resistance to drying and chemicals; contains a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids (hydroxymethoxy acid or mycolic acid) bound to the exterior of the cell wall)

Answer 24

Acid-fast cell wall

Question 25

The acid-fast cell wall has a gram-_____ reaction.

Answer 25

gram-positive

Question 26

enumerate Acid-Fast organisms:

Answer 26

Mnemonic: "No MILCC" Nocardia Mycobacterium Isospora Legionella micdadei Cryptosporidum Cyclospora Additional information: Acid-Fast protozoans (ICC) - Isospora - Cryptosporidium - Cyclospora

Question 27

Bacteria without cell wall but contain sterol in their cell membrane:

Answer 27

Mnemonic: MU/ "MU palang, hubad na" - Mycoplasma - Ureaplasma

Question 28

The outer membrane is present only in gram-______ bacteria:

Answer 28

gram-negative bacteria

Question 29

The lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane is composed of:

Answer 29

1. Lipid A - major constituent; toxic 2. Core polysaccharide 3. O polysaccharide

Question 30

Endotoxin is ONLY found in gram-_____ bacteria:

Answer 30

Endotoxin is only found in gram-negative bacteria

Question 31

All gram-positive organisms DO NOT HAVE ENDOTOXIN except:

Answer 31

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 32

Site of bacterial energy metabolism; ATP production:

Answer 32

Cell membrane

Question 33

From what bacteria are Babes-Ernst granules recognized?

Answer 33

Corynebacterium diphtheriae Remember: "CORNY (Coryne) mo BABE (Babes-Ernst)"

Question 34

From what bacteria are Much granules recognized?

Answer 34

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 35

From what bacteria are Bipolar bodies recognized?

Answer 35

Yersinia pestis

Question 36

Bacteria that resembles a "safety pin"

Answer 36

Yersinia pestis

Question 37

Survival response to certain adverse nutritional conditions, such as depletion of certain resources; highly resistant to desiccation, heat, and various chemicals:

Answer 37

Endospores

Question 38

Endospores help identify some species of bacteria like:

Answer 38

Bacillus and Clostridium

Question 39

What microorganism has a terminal spore described as having a "tennis racket" appearance?

Answer 39

Clostridium tetani

Question 40

What microorganism has a subterminal spore?

Answer 40

Clostridium botulinum

Question 41

What microorganism has a central spore described as having a "Boxcar" appearance?

Answer 41

Bacillus anthracis

Question 42

The structure of endospores possesses a core that contains many cell components, a spore wall, a cortex, a coat, and an exosporium. the core contains ___________, which aids in heat resistance within the core.

Answer 42

Calcium dipicolinate

Question 43

Endospore stains:

Answer 43

1. Schaeffer-Fulton stain 2. Doemer's stain 3. Wirtz-Conkin

Question 44

Endospore stain that stains any present endospores green:

Answer 44

Schaeffer-Fulton stain

Question 45

What does bacteria use for locomotion:

Answer 45

Flagella

Question 46

No flagella:

Answer 46

Atrichous

Question 47

Single flagellum at one pole:

Answer 47

Monotrichous

Question 48

Single flagellum at each pole:

Answer 48

Amphitrichous

Question 49

Tuft of flagella at one or both poles:

Answer 49

Lophotrichous

Question 50

Flagella all over organism:

Answer 50

Peritrichous

Question 51

Pathogens that possess monotrichous flagella:

Answer 51

- P. aeruginosa - Campylobacter - Helicobacter - Vibrio

Question 52

Pathogens that possess peritrichous flagella:

Answer 52

Most members of the Enterobacteriaceae except "SKY" @ 55C)

Question 53

To differentiate bacteria through motility: - Shigella (?) from Salmonella (?) - Klebsiella (?) from Enterobacter (?)

Answer 53

- Shigella (-) from Salmonella (+) - Klebsiella (-) from Enterobacter (+)

Question 54

Often motility can be seen best at ___C (35-37C may be inhibitory)

Answer 54

25C

Question 55

Flagella stains contains ______ that precipitates and coats flagaella

Answer 55

contains tannic acid

Question 56

aka axial filament, found in spirochetes:

Answer 56

Endoflagella

Question 57

Characteristic motility: Tumbling motility:

Answer 57

Listeria

Question 58

Characteristic motility: Darting motility:

Answer 58

Campylobacter

Question 59

Characteristic motility: Gliding motility:

Answer 59

Capnocytophaga Remember: "CAP-tain America hindi lumilipad, pero nagga-GLIDING" - Doc Gab Pascual XD

Question 60

Characteristic motility: Swarming motility:

Answer 60

Proteus, some Bacillus species

Question 61

Hair-like extensions that extend into the environment; has 2 types used for attachment and for conjugation:

Answer 61

Pili/Fimbriae