anatomy of bunda + lower leg Flashcards
functions of lower limb
- support body weight
- locomotion
- maintain balance
what is the muscle labelled in red?
quadratis femoris
what muscle is labelled in red
obturator internus
what muscle is labelled red?
gluteus maximus
what is labelled red?
tensor fascia latae
what is labelled red?
gluteus medius
what is labelled red?
piriformis
what is labelled red?
gemelli
what muscles are in the superficial muscle group of the gluteus?
- gluteus maximus
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
- tensor fascia lata
what nerve is the gluteus Maximus innervated by?
-inferior gluteal nerve
what are all the muscles in the superficial group of the gluteal region apart from the gluteus maximus innervated by?
superior gluteal
(the other nerves are the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia lata)
what muscles are part of the deep muscle group?
- piriformis
- obturator internus
- gemelli
- quadratus femoris
what is the role of the superficial muscle group of the gluteal region?
Superficial abductors and extenders
-abduct and extend the femur
(superficial muscles of gluteal region are the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia lata)
what are the roles of the deep muscle group of the gluteal region?
- deep lateral rotators
- mainly act to laterally rotate the femur
(muscles of the deep muscle group are the quadratus femoris, piriformis, gammelli and obturator internus)
where do nerves enter/exit in pelvis and perineum?
via the greater and lesser sciatic foramen
what are the greater and lesser sciatic foramen formed by?
the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligament
what is the red box?
sacrospinous ligament
what is the red box?
sacrotuberous
what is the red box? (the hole)
the lesser sciatic foramen
what is the red box?
the greater sciatic foramen
what nerves are the sciatic nerves?
L4-S3
what nerves are the pudendal nerves?
S2-S4
what nerves are the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
S1-S3
what nerve is the red box?
sciatic
what nerve is the red box?
pudendal
what is the nerve in the red box?
posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
what is the largest nerve in the body?
sciatic
where does the sciatic nerve exit?
inferior to piriformis
what does the sciatic nerve supply?
posterior thigh, all leg and foot muscles and most of the skin via tibial and common fibular branches
what is the nerve in the red box?
tibial nerve
what nerve is in the red box?
common fibular
what nerve is in the red box?
sciatic nerve
what is the superior boundary of the femoral triangle?
inguinal ligament
what is the medial boundary of the femoral triangle?
adductor longus
what is the lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?
sartorius
what is the floor of the femoral triangle?
iliopsoas and pectinus
what is the roof of the femoral triangle?
deep fascia
what are the contents of the femoral triangle?
(from lateral to medial)
femoral nerve
femoral artery
femoral vein
lymphatics
what is the red box?
iliotibial tract
what is the fascia in the red box?
crural fascia
what is the fascia in the red box?
fascia lata
what is the muscle compartment under the blue box?
intermuscular septum
what is compartment syndrome?
when pressure is increased due to increased swelling of tissue or increase in fluid affecting functions of the muscles or nerves in the compartment
what is done to relieve compartment syndrome?
fasciotomy
what are the 3 muscle compartments in the thigh?
anteroir, medial and posterior compartments
what are the 3 compartments of the leg?
anterior, posterior and lateral
what are the flexors of the anterior part of the thigh?
pectinus, iliopsoas, sartorius
what nerves innervate the anterior compartment of the thigh? (apart from the psoas major)
femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
what is the psoas major innervated by?
L1, L2, L 3
what are the adductors of the medial compartment of the thigh?
- adductor longus
- adductor brevis
- adductor magnus
- gracilis
- obturator externes
what nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh? (except hamstring part of adductor magnus)
obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
what innervates the hamstring part of the adductor magnus?
tibial nerve
what are the extensors of thigh and flexors of leg in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
- biceps femoris
what nerve innervate the posterior compartment of the thigh?
the tibial division of the sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
what are the dorsiflexors of ankle and extensors of toes in the anterior compartment of the leg?
- tibialis anterior
- extensor digitorum longus
- extensor hallucis longus
- fibularis tertius
what nerve innervates the dorsiflexors of ankle and extensors of toes in the anterior compartment of leg?
deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
what muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg?
- fibularis longus
- fibularis brevis
what nerves innervate the lateral compartment of leg?
superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
what are the superficial muscles of the posterior of the leg? (plantarflexors of ankle)
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
what nerves innervate the superficial muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?
tibial nerve (S1, S2)
what are the deep muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg>
- popliteus
- flexor hallucis longus
- flexor digitorum longus
- tibialis posterior
what nerve innervates the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
tibial nerve
what type of joint is the hip joint?
ball and socket, synovial
what does multiaxial mean?
the joint can move in many axes
what is the femoral nerve responsible for?
motor- knee extension and thigh flexion
sensory- anterior and medial aspect of the thigh and lower leg
what is the obturator nerve responsible for?
motor- thigh adduction
sensory- medial thigh
what is the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh responsible for?
motor- none
sensory- lateral and posterior surfaces of the thigh
what is the tibial nerve responsible for?
motor- foot plantar flexion and inversion
sensory- sole of foot
what is the common peroneal nerve responsible for?
motor=- foot dorsiflexion and eversion
-extensor hallucis longus
sensory= dorsal of the foot and the lower lateral part of the leg
what is the superior gluteal nerve responsible for?
motor= hip abduction
sensory= none
what is the inferior gluteal nerve responsible for?
motor= hip extension and lateral rotation
sensory= none
what does injury to the superior gluteal nerve lead to?
positive Trendelenburgs sign
what does injury to the inferior gluteal nerve lead to?
- difficult rising from the seated position
- can’t jump or climb stairs
what is the role of the gluteus maximus?
- it is the main extensor of the thigh
- assists with lateral rotation
- however, it is only used when force is required such as running or climbing
what is the role of the gluteus medius?
- same as gluteus minimus!
- abducts and medially rotates the lower limb
- during locomotion, it secures the pelvis, preventing pelvis drop of the opposite limb
role of the gluteus minimus?
- same as gluteus medius!
- abducts and medially rotates the lower limb
- during locomotion, it secures the pelvis preventing pelvis drop of the opposite limb
what is the role of the tensor fascia lata?
- assists the gluteus medius and minimus in the abduction and medial rotation of the lower limb
- it also plays a supportive role in the gait
