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Honors Biology > 9.2 Study Guide > Flashcards

9.2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What does polar mean?

A

a molecule having an uneven distribution of electric charge

one end is slightly positive

the opposite end is slightly negative

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2
Q

Are polar molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Why?

A

Hydrophillic

they readily interact with water due to their uneven distribution of charges, which allows them to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

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3
Q

Name the four main monomers

A

Amino Acid, Monosaccharide, Nucleotide and Fatty Acid

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4
Q

What polymers do the following monomers form?
1. Amino Acid
2. Monosaccharide
3. Nucleotide
4. Fatty Acid

A
  1. Polypeptide/ Protein
  2. Polysaccharide/ Carbohydrate
  3. Nucleic Acid
  4. Triglyceride/ Phospholipid/Lipid
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5
Q

What 3 function groups do Amino Acids have?

A
  1. Amino
    2.Carboxyl
  2. R Group
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6
Q

What functional group do Monosaccharides have and what is their ratio of H to O?

A
  1. Hydroxyl
  2. 2 to 1
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7
Q

What 3 functional groups do nucleotides have?

A
  1. Phosphate
  2. Sugar
  3. Nitrogenous Base
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8
Q

What two functional groups do fatty acids have?

A
  1. Carboxyl Group (acid)
  2. Long Hydrocarbon Tail
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9
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the cell membrane?

A
  1. Selective Barrier for the Cell
  2. Signaling and Communication for the Cell
  3. Structure and Shape for the Cell
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10
Q

What is extracellular?

A

Outside the Cell

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11
Q

What in Intracellular?

A

Inside the Cell

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12
Q

Phospholipids are made of of these two primary components?

A
  1. Hydrophillic Head
  2. Hydrophobic Tail
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13
Q

Why is the structure of a Phospholipids Head Hydrophilic?

A

The phosphate group and an attached alcohol are polar and water-attracting.

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14
Q

Why is a the structure of Phopholipids Tail Hydrophobic?

A

Two fatty acid chains, typically 16-18 carbons long, are nonpolar and water-repelling.

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15
Q

Describe the property of hydrophobicity for phospholipids.

A

In water, phospholipids spontaneously form a double layer called a lipid bilayer, in which the hydrophobic tails of phospholipid molecules are sandwiched between two layers of hydrophilic heads.

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16
Q

How are the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions of phospholipids arranged in the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward (outside and inside the cell) and the hydrophobic tails facing inward (to the center of the membrane).

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17
Q

How many layers of lipids exist in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Two

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18
Q

Which of the following best describes the function of a selectively permeable membrane?

A

It permits only certain molecules to cross while restricting others.

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19
Q

What is the main function of the phospholipid bilayer as a main component of the cell (plasma) membrane?

A
  1. Serves as a Cellular Barrier or Border that is semi-permeable and helps maintain Homeostasis.
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20
Q

What 4 biomolecules make up the cell (plasma) membrane? One of the biomolecules is only found in animal cells.

A
  1. Phospholipids (50-80% of the membrane)
  2. Cholesterol (animal cells only)
  3. Carbohydrates
  4. Proteins (20% of the membrane)
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21
Q

What biomolecule make the cell (plasma) membrane flexible?

A

Phospholipids

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22
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the cell (plasma) membrane?

A

Fluidity and Stability

Prevents the phospholipids from sticking together

Helps the phospholipids make the cell membrane impermeable to water soluble molecules

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23
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates in the cell (plasma) membrane?

A

Cell recognition and Signaling

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24
Q

What is the role of proteins in the cell (plasma) membrane?

A

Transport
Enzyme Activity
Signaling
-Cell Surface Receptor
-Cell Surface Identity Marker (Antigen)
Structure
-Cell Adhesion (two cells attached to each other)
- Membrane attached to the cells cytoskeleton

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25
Is the cell (plasma) membrane rigid or fluid?
Fluid - the biomolecules are constantly changing their positions within the membrane
26
Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membranes.
The fluid mosaic model describes cell membranes as a dynamic, flexible structure composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates, allowing for movement and selective permeability.
27
Who proposed the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes and in what year?
S.J. Singer and G Nicolson 1972
28
What are the two main types of carbohydrates found in cell (plasma) membranes?
1. Glycolipids 2. Glycoproteins
29
What key role do cell carbohydrates play?
Cell-Cell Recognition -supports organ and tissue development - basis for rejection of foreign cells (immune system)
30
Selective Transport
the process by which cells control which molecules enter and exit, using specialized proteins in the cell membrane to regulate the passage of specific substances.
31
Integral Membrane (Transmembrane) Protein Location in the Cell (Plasma) Membrane and Structure?
Location: Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Span the membrane at least once, some many times. Structure: Hydrophilic sections outside the lipid tail section of the bilayer and Hydrophobic section inside the lipid tail section Function: Transport, Receptors, Enzymes, Signaling, Structure
32
Peripheral Membrane Protein Location in the Cell (Plasma) Membrane, Structure and Function?
Location: Positioned on the surface of a membrane. Do not interact with the hydrophobic core. Structure: Attach to exposed portions of integral proteins and other structures. Function: Enzymes, Signaling, Structure, Cell Adhesion
33
Channel Proteins Location and Function in the Cell (Plasma) Membrane?
1. Transmembrane proteins that form pores or tunnels 2. Allow specific molecules or ions to pass through cell membranes via passive transport (facilitated diffusion).
34
Carrier (Transporter) Protein Location in the Cell Membrane, Function, How they Work, Two Types of Transport?
Location: integral (transmembrane) membrane Function: facilitate highly specific movement of molecules or ions across the cell membrane How they work: bind to the molecule or ion they are transporting and undergoing conformational changes to transport it across the membrane (in and out) Types of Transport: Passive (facilitated diffusion) and active transport.
35
What do proteins look like that provide structure to the cell (plasma) membrane?
Tightly Coiled and Rod Shaped
36
What shape are Integral and Peripheral Proteins?
Globular and Compacted
37
Can lipid soluble substances (e.g. Oxygen, CO2, Steriods) pass through the Phospolipid Bilyaer in and out of a cell?
Yes
38
What about water soluble substances (e.g, Glucose, Amino Acids, Ions and Water) pass through the Phospolipid Bilyaer in and out of a cell? If no, how do the move into and out of the cell?
No Transport Proteins in the Cell Membrane
39
What is Diffusion? Where can Diffusion Occur?
Net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Molecules tend to spread out. Diffusion can occur in the AIR, or in the WATER, or across membranes.
40
When does Equilibrium Occur? When does Equilibrium Occur for a specific molecule across a cell membrane?
When molecules are evenly spread throughout a a given space Specifically for a Cell Membrane- the concentration of a molecule is the same on both sides of the membrane
41
What is Dynamic Equilibrium?
Molecules are still moving but the net concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane
42
What does Homeostasis mean?
Maintaining balance or sameness
43
What is the Kinetic Molecular Theory?
Molecules are always moving
44
Concentration
Amount of a substance in a defined region
45
What is Simple Diffusion Across the Cell (Plasma) Membrane? What molecules can move across the membrane using Simple Diffusion? Is Simple Diffusion Passive or Active? Is energy required for Simple Diffusion?
Diffusion (or movement of a molecule) directly across the phospholipid bilayer. Small and Nonpolar Molecules Passive No
46
What is Facilitated Diffusion Across the Cell (Plasma) Membrane? What kind of molecules move across the Cell (Plasma) membrane by Facilitated Diffusion? Is Facilitated Diffusion Passive or Active? Is Energy required for Facilitated Diffusion?
Channel (Transporter) proteins are open channels that assist in the movement of molecules across the cell membrane down their concentration gradient Polar or Charges Molecules - Ions, Sugars, Amino Acids Passive No
47
Compare the Rate of Simple and Facilitated Diffusion.
Simple Diffusion happens at a constant slower rate and does not level off at higher concentrations. Facilitated Diffusion happens quickly then slows down and levels off at high concentrations
48
What are Aquaporins?
Integral (Transmembrane) Proteins that act as Water Channels moving water rapidly into and out of cells Essential for Water Regulation in Cells
49
What is Osmosis? What drives Osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a semi-membrane to dilute higher solute concentrations Driven by waters attraction to polar/ionic solutes and total solute concentrations
50
Hypertonic Solution has a ______ concentration of solutes and _________concentration of water compared to another solution.
higher concentration of solutes lower concentration of water causing water to move out of cells and into the solution through osmosis, leading to cell shrinkage
51
Hypotonic______ concentration of solutes and _________concentration of water compared to another solution.
lower concentration of solutes higher concentration of water causing water to move into the cell and potentially causing it to swell or burst.
52
Isotonic______ concentration of solutes and _________concentration of water compared to another solution.
same solute and water concentration resulting in no net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane and maintaining cell equilibrium
53
What is a solute?
What is being dissolved
54
What is a solvent?
What does the dissolving
55
What is a solution?
solute + solvent
56
Are molecules in diffusion static or dynamic? What does that mean?
Dynamic The molecules are always in motion
57
When does the net movement of molecules stop in diffusion?
When dynamic equilibrium is reached.
58
How does a cell receive very small molecules like gases?
Through Diffusion
59
What is the net diffusion of water called?
Osmosis
60
What happens to a plant cell in hypertonic solution?
Cell Wall Stays Intact Contents of the Cell Shrink
61
What happens to a plant cell in isotonic solution?
Cell is in Ideal Conditions Balanced Solute and Water
62
What happens to a plant cell in hypotonic solution?
Cell Wall is Under Immense Pressure
63
What happens to an animal cell in hypertonic solution?
Cell Membrane and Contents Have Shriveled
64
What happens to an animal cell in isotonic solution?
Cell is in Ideal Conditions Balanced Solute and Water
65
What happens to an animal cell in hypotonic solution?
Cell Membrane Swells and Bursts
66
What is Osmotic (Turgor) Pressure?
Water pressure inside a plant cell against the cell wall
67
An animal cell in fresh water will have a _____tonic environment compared to the cell. Water will constantly move ______ the cell by __________. The cell ______ water and swells causing the cell to _________. A solution some cells have, including paramecium, is a ________________ that uses _______ to pump water out.
Hypotonic Into the Cell Osmosis Gains Burst contractile vacuole ATP
68
If a plant cell is described as Turgid that means?
The plant cell is full of water but the cell wall protects it from bursting.
69
An animal cell is salt water will have a _______tonic environment compared to the cell. Water will constantly move ______ of the cell by ________. The cell________ water and can ______. A solution some cells have, including shellfish, who can take up ______ or pump ________out.
Hypertonic Out of the Cell Osmosis loses die water salt
70
An animal cell in a mild salt solution will have a ______tonic environment compared to the cell. There will be ______ difference in concentration of water between the cell and the environment. There is no _________ movement of water and the cell is in _____________. The volume of the cell is stable. An example is blood cells in blood plasma. A slightly _________ IV solution in hospital.
Isotonic No net movement of water equilibrium salty
71
What is the unit of measure denoted by "M"? What does it measure?
Molarity The concentration of solute in a solution
72
What are three kinds of Passive Transport (across the cell membrane)?
Diffusion, Osmosis, and Facilitated diffusion Requires no energy
73
What is Active Transport (across the cell membrane)?
Proteins "Pumps" found in the membrane undergo a conformational change to move materials against the concentration gradient across the cell membrane and requires the cell to use energy (ATP)
74
What is Endocytosis?
active transport mechanism where cells take in large amounts of substances from their environment by engulfing them in a vesicle
75
What are two types of Endocytosis?
Phagocytosis - taking in solids Pinocytosis - taking in liquids
76
What is Exocytosis?
active transport where a cell expels large amounts of substances (waste) from its cytoplasm to the outside environment using a vesicle
77
What is plasmolysis?
the process where a plant cell shrinks and its cytoplasm pulls away from the cell wall due to water loss in a hypertonic (high solute concentration) environment

Honors Biology (35 decks)

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