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Honors Biology > 7.4 Study Guide > Flashcards

7.4 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cellular Respiration?

A

the process individual cells use to break down food molecules (like glucose) and release energy

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2
Q

What is the chemical equation for Cellular Respiration?

A

Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (6O2) —> Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) + Water (6 H2O) + Energy (ATP)

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3
Q

What is an aerobic process? What can they be used for?

A

a biological or chemical process that requires oxygen; can be used for waste treatment, energy production and fermentation

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4
Q

What are the four main stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate Oxidation (formation of acetyl coenzyme A) 3. Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation (the electron transport chain)
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5
Q

The ______________ oxidation of glucose releases energy used to make ______. Is this a catabolic or anabolic reaction?

A

aerobic, ATP ; catabolic

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6
Q

Glycolysis means ________________________?

A

the series of reactions reactions that collectively convert 1 molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH

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7
Q

What gets oxidized and broken down during glycolysis?

A

glucose

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the NADH made during glycolysis?

A

NADH is a high energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis to the Electron Transport Chain

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9
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

the cytoplasm of the cell

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10
Q

What are the reactants and products of glycolysis?

A

the reactants are 1 glucose molecule, 2 NAD+ and 2 ATP and the products are 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 ATPs and 2 NADH

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11
Q

What is the ATP yield in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP per glucose

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12
Q

What is “the link reaction” in Cellular Respiration?

A

a crucial step that connects the products of glycolysis (pyruvate) to the Krebs cycle by converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) and reducing NAD+ to NADH. This reaction acts as a bridge between the cytoplasm and the mitochondria where the Krebs cycle occurs

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13
Q

Where does “the link reaction” occur?

A

the mitochondrial matrix within the mitochondrion of the cell

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14
Q

What happens to the products of “the link reaction”?

A

acetyl-CoA and NADH directly enter the Krebs (Citric Acid) cycle; CO2 is released as a waste product

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15
Q

The Krebs Cycle is also sometimes called the?

A

Citric Acid Cycle

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16
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

A

the matrix of the mitochondrion of the cell

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17
Q

By the end of the carbon cycle the glucose molecule is completely _____________ and converted to _____?

A

broken down; CO2 and H2O

18
Q

The Krebs cycle will repeat ____x per molecule of glucose?

A

two

19
Q

What are the reactants and products of the Krebs cycle?

A

2 Acetyl CoA ——> 4 Co2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2

20
Q

Where do the products of the Krebs Cycle go?

A

4 CO2 diffuse out of the cell; 2 ATP are released into the cell for energy to use; 6NADH and 2FADH2 travel to the cristae to bring high energy electrons to the electron transport chain

21
Q

What is the electron transport chain made of and where is it located?

A

protein complexes and the inner membrane of the mitochondria

22
Q

As the electrons move down the electron transport chain, energy is slowly released to pump what across the membrane?

A

Protons (Hydrogen Ions)

23
Q

How does the structure of mitochondrion increase its function in producing ATP?

A

The electron proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane (created by the electron transport chain) drive H+ Ions through ATP Synthase (transmembrane protein complex (enzyme)) to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi located in the mitochondrial matrix.

24
Q

What is ATP Synthase?

A

An enzyme located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that using the flow of protons (H+) across the membrane (from the ETC) to drive synthesis of ATP.

25
Q

What stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration produces the most ATP?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation / Electron Transport Chain

26
Q

What happens to the electrons at the end of Aerobic Cellular Respiration?

A

Oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen to form H2O

27
Q

Which requires Oxygen - Aerobic or Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Aerobic Respiration requires Oxygen; Anaerobic Respiration does not

28
Q

What are the stages of Anaerobic Respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis 2. Fermentation
29
Q

Where does Aerobic Respiration take place?

A

Cytoplasm and Mitochondria

30
Q

Where does Anaerobic Respiration take place?

A

Cytoplasm only

31
Q

Compare the amount of energy (ATP) generated by Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration.

A

Aerobic (36-38 ATP molecules) produces significantly more energy than Anaerobic Respiration (2 ATP)

32
Q
A
33
Q

In anaerobic respiration what is glucose converted into during the process of Fermentation?

A

Lactic acid in Animals and Some Bacteria (Lactic Acid Fermentation) and Ethanol + CO2 in Yeast, Some Bacteria and Fungi (Alcoholic Fermentation)

34
Q

Compare the length or aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

A

Aerobic respiration is a longer process than anaerobic respiration.

35
Q

What types of organisms does aerobic respiration usually occur in?

A

Higher organisms such as humans, animals and plants

36
Q

What type of organisms does anaerobic respiration usually occur in?

A

Lower organisms such as some bacteria and yeast

37
Q

What is the Chemical Equation for Alcoholic Fermentation (Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)?

A

Glucose —> 2 Pyruvate —-> 2 CO2 + 2 (NAD+) + 2 Ethanol +2 ATP

38
Q

What is the Chemical Equation for Lactic Acid Fermentation (Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)?

A

Glucose —> 2 Pyruvate —-> 2 (NAD+) + 2 Lactate Molecules +2 ATP

39
Q

What are the steps for Alcoholic Fermentation (Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)?

A
  1. Glycolysis 2. 2 Pyruvate Produce CO2 and 2 Ethanol and Acetaldehyde Oxidizes NADH to 2 NAD+ producing 2 ATP
40
Q

What are the steps for Lactic Acid Fermentation (Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)?

A
  1. Glycolysis 2. 2 Pyruvate Produce 2 Lactate Molecules
    and Pyruvate Oxidizes NADH to 2 NAD+ producing 2 ATP

Honors Biology (22 decks)

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