7.4 Study Guide Flashcards
What is Cellular Respiration?
the process individual cells use to break down food molecules (like glucose) and release energy
Why do cells need to carry out Cellular Respiration?
To make energy for the body (ATP)
What is the chemical equation for Cellular Respiration?
Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (6O2) —> Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) + Water (6 H2O) + Energy (ATP)
What is an aerobic process? What can they be used for?
a biological or chemical process that requires oxygen; can be used for waste treatment, energy production and fermentation
What are the four main stages of aerobic cellular respiration?
- Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate Oxidation (formation of acetyl coenzyme A) 3. Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation (the electron transport chain)
The ______________ oxidation of glucose releases energy used to make ______. Is this a catabolic or anabolic reaction?
aerobic, ATP ; catabolic
Glycolysis means ________________________?
the series of reactions reactions that collectively convert 1 molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH
What gets oxidized and broken down during glycolysis?
glucose
What is the purpose of the NADH made during glycolysis?
NADH is a high energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis to the Electron Transport Chain
Where does glycolysis occur?
the cytoplasm of the cell
What are the reactants and products of glycolysis?
the reactants are 1 glucose molecule, 2 NAD+ and 2 ATP and the products are 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 ATPs and 2 NADH
What is the ATP yield in glycolysis?
2 ATP per glucose
What is “the link reaction” in Cellular Respiration?
a crucial step that connects the products of glycolysis (pyruvate) to the Krebs cycle by converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) and reducing NAD+ to NADH. This reaction acts as a bridge between the cytoplasm and the mitochondria where the Krebs cycle occurs
Where does “the link reaction” occur?
the mitochondrial matrix within the mitochondrion of the cell
What happens to the products of “the link reaction”?
acetyl-CoA and NADH directly enter the Krebs (Citric Acid) cycle; CO2 is released as a waste product
The Krebs Cycle is also sometimes called the?
Citric Acid Cycle
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
the matrix of the mitochondrion of the cell
By the end of the carbon cycle the glucose molecule is completely _____________ and converted to _____?
broken down; CO2 and H2O
The Krebs cycle will repeat ____x per molecule of glucose?
two
What are the reactants and products of the Krebs cycle?
2 Acetyl CoA ——> 4 Co2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2
Where do the products of the Krebs Cycle go?
4 CO2 diffuse out of the cell; 2 ATP are released into the cell for energy to use; 6NADH and 2FADH2 travel to the cristae to bring high energy electrons to the electron transport chain
What is the electron transport chain made of and where is it located?
protein complexes and the inner membrane of the mitochondria
As the electrons move down the electron transport chain, energy is slowly released to pump what across the membrane?
Protons (Hydrogen Ions)
The electron transport chain pumps H+ from the matrix to the _____________________. Therefore, the concentration of H+ is __________ in the intermembrane space and __________lower in the matrix.
intermembrane space; higher; lower
Because of the concentration gradient between the matrix and the intermembrane space, H+ tends to diffuse from the _________________ to the _______________.
intermembrane space; matrix
What is the only place the H+ ions can cross the inner membrane in the mitochondria?
Through the channels in the ATP synthase enzymes
The movement of H+ through ATP Synthase provides what?
The energy to make ATP
Would a mitochondria that has no outer member but has an electron transport chain and ATP Synthase be able to produce ATP?
The H+ concentration gradient between the inner membrane and matrix wouldn’t exist to help power generation of ATP
Why does the folded area of the inner membrane of the mitochondria help it make more ATP?
Increased surface area means more room to make ATP
Describe the structure of mitochondria
they have an outer membrane, folded inner membrane, matrix and inner membrane space
What is embedded in the mitochondria’s inner membrane?
ATP Synthase enzymes and The Electron Transport Chain
How does the structure of mitochondrion increase its function in producing ATP?
The electron proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane (created by the electron transport chain) drive H+ Ions through ATP Synthase (transmembrane protein complex (enzyme)) to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi located in the mitochondrial matrix.
Why are mitochondria call the powerhouse of the cell?
they are responsible for producing the majority of the cell’s energy (ATP) through cellular respiration
What is ATP Synthase?
An enzyme located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that using the flow of protons (H+) across the membrane (from the ETC) to drive synthesis of ATP.
What stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration produces the most ATP?
Oxidative Phosphorylation / Electron Transport Chain
What happens to the electrons at the end of Aerobic Cellular Respiration?
Oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen to form H2O
Which requires Oxygen - Aerobic or Anaerobic Respiration?
Aerobic Respiration requires Oxygen; Anaerobic Respiration does not
What are the stages of Anaerobic Respiration?
- Glycolysis 2. Fermentation
Where does Aerobic Respiration take place?
Cytoplasm and Mitochondria
Where does Anaerobic Respiration take place?
Cytoplasm only
Compare the amount of energy (ATP) generated by Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration.
Aerobic (36-38 ATP molecules) produces significantly more energy than Anaerobic Respiration (2 ATP)
In anaerobic respiration what is glucose converted into during the process of Fermentation?
Lactic acid in Animals and Some Bacteria (Lactic Acid Fermentation) and Ethanol + CO2 in Yeast, Some Bacteria and Fungi (Alcoholic Fermentation)
Compare the length or aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration is a longer process than anaerobic respiration.
What types of organisms does aerobic respiration usually occur in?
Higher organisms such as humans, animals and plants
What type of organisms does anaerobic respiration usually occur in?
Lower organisms such as some bacteria and yeast
What is the Chemical Equation for Alcoholic Fermentation (Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)?
Glucose —> 2 Pyruvate —-> 2 CO2 + 2 (NAD+) + 2 Ethanol +2 ATP
What is the Chemical Equation for Lactic Acid Fermentation (Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)?
Glucose —> 2 Pyruvate —-> 2 (NAD+) + 2 Lactate Molecules +2 ATP
What are the steps for Alcoholic Fermentation (Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)?
- Glycolysis 2. 2 Pyruvate Produce CO2 and 2 Ethanol and Acetaldehyde Oxidizes NADH to 2 NAD+ producing 2 ATP
What are the steps for Lactic Acid Fermentation (Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)?
- Glycolysis 2. 2 Pyruvate Produce 2 Lactate Molecules
and Pyruvate Oxidizes NADH to 2 NAD+ producing 2 ATP
