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Honors Biology > 10.3 Study Guide > Flashcards

10.3 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main forms of reproduction?

A

Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction

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2
Q

Define sexual reproduction.

A

In sexual reproduction, an organism combines the genetic information from each of its parents and is genetically unique.

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3
Q

Can mitosis be used for sexual reproduction?

What if you tried? How many chromosomes would the zygote (fertilized egg have)?

A

No

92 - does not work

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4
Q

Define asexual reproduction.

A

In asexual reproduction, one parent copies itself to form a genetically identical offspring.

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5
Q

What are advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Boosting genetic diversity and adaptability

Enabling species to better withstand environmental changes and diseases

Facilitating the evolution of new traits

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6
Q

What are disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Time and energy required to find a mate

Potential for fewer offspring compared to asexual reproduction

Possibility of not passing on favorable genetics to offspring

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7
Q

What are advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Rapid population growth

Efficiency in resource allocation

Ability to maintain favorable traits

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8
Q

What are disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Lack of genetic diversity, leading to a population that is vulnerable to environmental changes and diseases

All offspring are genetically identical.

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9
Q

Define Meiosis

A

Cell division to create gametes (egg and sperm)

Chromosome numbers are reduced by half

Diploid cell creates 4 Haploid cells

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10
Q

What does it mean for Meiosis to be a reductive division?

A

The first meiotic division is a reduction division (diploid → haploid) in which homologous chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids, separate, resulting in two haploid cells from one diploid cell

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11
Q

In sexual reproduction, what restores the number of chromosome to the full set a species contains?

A

Fertilization of the egg (gamete) by the sperm (gamete). (sperm chromosome + egg chromosome = zygote combining the chromosomes)

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12
Q

What does it mean for a cell to be diploid (2n)?

A

The cell has two copies of each chromosome

Each pair of chromosomes is homologous (the same)

In “2n” the “n” refers to individual chromosomes

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13
Q

What does it mean for a cell to be haploid (1n)?

A

The cell has one copy of each chromosome

The single chromosomes are not homologous (not the same)

In “1n” the “n” refers to individual chromosomes

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14
Q

Does each statement/ term below refer to a diploid or haploid cell?
1. 2 of each chromosome
2. 1 of each chromosome
3. somatic cell (aka body cell)
4. gamete (egg or sperm)
5. cells have homologous chromosomes

A
  1. Diploid
  2. Haploid
  3. Diploid
  4. Haploid
  5. Diploid
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15
Q

Diploid Chromosome Math

If 2n = 8, then n =

If n=12, then 2n =

A

n=4

n=24

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16
Q

If a cell with 20 chromosomes goes through mitosis, each resulting cell will have ______ chromosomes.

A

20

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17
Q

If a cell with 20 chromosomes goes through meiosis, each resulting cell will have _______ chromosomes.

A

10

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18
Q

If Somatic (Body) Cells have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) the fill in the blanks _____n = ______

A

2n = 46

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19
Q

What is a karyotype?

What is different about the Human Female karyotype and Human Male karyotype

A

An individual’s complete set of chromosomes, or a visual representation of those chromosomes, arranged by size and shape, used to identify and analyze chromosomal abnormalities.

Females have 2 X’s chromosomes and Males have 1 X chromosome and 1 Y chromosome.

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20
Q

What are the steps of meiosis?

A

P -I
M-I
A -I
T-I
C-I

P -II
M-II
A -II
T-II
C-II

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21
Q

What happens in Meiosis Prophase 1?

A

Chromosomes condense
Nuclear membrane dissolves
Homologous chromosomes form bivalents
Crossing over occurs

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22
Q

In Meiosis, what is synapsis?

A

The pairing of homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) during prophase I, which allows for crossing over and ensures proper segregation of chromosomes during cell division.

23
Q

What happens in Meiosis Metaphase 1?

A

Spindle fibres from opposing centrosomes connect to bivalents (at centromeres) and align them along the middle of the cell

24
Q

What happens in Meiosis Anaphase I?

A

Spindle fibres contract and split the bivalent, homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell

25
What happens in Meiosis Telophase I?
Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane may reform
26
What happens in Meiosis Cytokinesis I?
Cell divides to form two diploid daughter cells
27
What does the first division in Meiosis accomplish?
Separation of the homologous chromosome pairs
28
What happens in Meiosis Prophase II?
Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, centrosomes move to opposite poles (perpendicular to before)
29
What happens in Meiosis Metaphase II?
The sister chromatids of each chromosome, which were duplicated in meiosis I, line up individually along the metaphase plate (the cell's equator), each attached to microtubules from opposite poles of the cell
30
What happens to the chromosomes in anaphase of mitosis and anaphase 1 and 2 of meiosis?
In anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move to opposite poles of the cell. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate, while in meiosis II, sister chromatids separate, similar to mitosis.
31
What happens in Meiosis Anaphase II?
Spindle fibers contract and separate the sister chromatids, chromatids (now called chromosomes) move to opposite poles
32
What happens in Meiosis Telophase II?
Chromosomes decondense Nuclear membrane reforms
33
What happens in Meiosis Cytokinesis II?
Cells divide to form four haploid daughter cells
34
What is the overall result of Meiosis II?
The second division separates sister chromatids creating four haploid daughter cells. These chromatids may not be identical due to crossing over in prophase I
35
What happens to the chromosomes in prophase of mitosis and prophase 1 and 2 of meiosis?
Mitosis- chromosomes condense, becoming visible and distinct under a microscope Meiosis I- chromosomes condense and become visible. Homologous chromosomes pair up, forming structures called tetrads, and crossing over, the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids, occurs. Meiosis II- the chromosomes condense if they decondensed in telophase I, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. The centrosomes, which were duplicated during interphase I, move apart towards opposite poles, and a new spindle apparatus forms.
36
What happens to the chromosomes in metaphase of mitosis and metaphase 1 and 2 of meiosis?
Mitosis- the chromosomes, which have been duplicated and condensed, align along the center of the cell, forming the metaphase plate. These chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers at their centromeres. This alignment is crucial for ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes during the subsequent phases of mitosis. Meiosis I- homologous chromosomes (tetrads) line up along the center of the cell (metaphase plate), with each chromosome from a pair attached to spindle fibers from opposite poles. This alignment is different from mitosis, where sister chromatids line up individually. This arrangement ensures that during anaphase I, homologous chromosomes will be separated, resulting in a reduction in chromosome number. Meiosis II -chromosomes align along the metaphase plate
37
What is spermatogenesis?
When immature sperm cells (germ cells) undergo mitotic and meiotic divisions and differentiation to produce mature sperm
38
What is oogenesis?
When immature egg cells (germ cells) undergo mitotic and meiotic divisions and differentiation to produce mature female eggs (gametes)
39
How are spermatogenesis and oogenesis the same?
Both oogenesis are types of gametogenesis, involving meiosis to produce haploid gametes from diploid cells Both processes share similar stages of multiplication, growth, maturation, and differentiation.
40
How are spermatogenesis and oogenesis different?
They differ in location, timing, and the number of functional gametes produced. Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes, produces four sperm cells, and starts at puberty Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries, produces one egg cell, and begins before birth
41
In what phase of Meiosis does a cell switch from diploid to haploid?
Telophase II
42
In meiosis, what is a tetrad?
In meiosis, a tetrad is a structure formed during prophase I consisting of two homologous chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids, for a total of four chromatids, that pair up and allow for crossing over.
43
What stage does crossing over occur in?
Prophase 1
44
At the end of Meiosis I the chromosome number is?
Reduced by half
45
What are three sources of genetic variation that occur as a result of meiosis?
1. Independent Assortment (aka Genetic Recombination or the random distribution of homologous chromosomes into gametes during meiosis) 2. Crossing Over - Homologous chromosome pairs swap pieces creating four unique chromatids 3. Random Fertilization - Any Sperm + Any Egg (lots of variety 2^23 x 2^23 possible combinations)
46
Reminder to draw step of Meiosis
Follow Chromosomes through the process
47
Mitosis vs Meiosis - # of times DNA is replicated
Mitosis - 1 time before cell division Meiosis - 1 time before cell division
48
Mitosis vs Meiosis - # of cell divisions
Mitosis - one cell division Meiosis - two cell divisions
49
Mitosis vs Meiosis - # of cells produced
Mitosis - 2 Meiosis - 4
50
Mitosis vs Meiosis - genetic comparison of parent and daughter cells
Mitosis - genetically identical Meiosis - genetically unique
51
Mitosis vs Meiosis - ploidy levels of parent and daughter cells
Mitosis - Parent - diploid (2n) - Daughter - diploid (2n) Meiosis - Parent - diploid (2n) - Daughter - haploid (1n)
52
Mitosis vs Meiosis - reason for producing cells
Mitosis - is used for growth, repair, and replacement of body cells, producing two identical daughter cells. Meiosis - produces gametes (sperm and egg) for sexual reproduction, creating four genetically unique daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes.
53
Mitosis vs Meiosis - does crossing over occur?
Mitosis - No Meiosis - Yes, specifically in prophase I of meiosis I
54
Reminder to review figures in notes including the graph on DNA content/cell over time listing the stages of meiosis and the cell cycle
Y-Axis shows total DNA content in one germ cell.

Honors Biology (35 decks)

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