6.1 Study Guide Flashcards
How many valence electrons does Carbon have?
Four
Can Carbon form Ionic Bonds?
No
Can Carbon form Covalent Bonds? If it can, how many Covalent Bonds can it form?
Yes, Four Covalent Bonds
What percentage of a cell is made of carbon compounds?
25%
How does Carbon store energy?
In C-H bonds
What are cells made of?
72% H2O, 25% Carbon Compounds, ~3% Salts (Ions)
Is Carbon abundant or scarce?
Abundant
What are Functional Groups?
The parts of Organic Molecules that are involved in chemical reactions. What gives the molecules distinctive properties and makes the molecules more hydrophilic.
Define hydrophilic
Increased solubility in water
What is the structure of the HYDROXYL functional group. Is it polar, + charged, - charged or nonpolar? What molecules are they found in?
-OH, Polar, Alcohols (e.g., ethanol)
What is the structure of the CARBONYL functional group. Is it polar, + charged, - charged or nonpolar? What molecules are they found in?
-COH and -CO; -COH is Polar and are found in Aldehydes (e.g. Formaldehyde); -CO is Polar and found in Ketones (e.g. Acetone)
What is the structure of the CARBOXYL functional group. Is it polar, + charged, - charged or nonpolar? What molecules are they found in?
Carbon double bonded to O and single bonded to -OH; Negative Charge (loss of H); Found in Acids (e.g., Vinegar)
What is the structure of the AMINO functional group. Is it polar, + charged, - charged or nonpolar? What molecules are they found in?
-NH2, Positive Charge, Bases (e.g., ammonia)
What is the structure of the SULFHYDRL functional group. Is it polar, + charged, - charged or nonpolar? What molecules are they found in?
-SH, Polar (only slightly), Rubber
What is the structure of the PHOSPHATE functional group. Is it polar, + charged, - charged or nonpolar? What molecules are they found in?
-PO4, Negative Charge, ATP
What is the structure of the METHYL functional group. Is it polar, + charged, - charged or nonpolar? What molecules are they found in?
-CH3, Nonpolar, Proteins in the Body
Which functional groups are negatively charged?
Carboxyl, Phosphate
Which functional groups are positively charged?
Amino
Which functional groups are polar?
Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Sulfhydryl
What functional group is nonpolar?
Methyl
Define Isomer
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures (shapes). Isomers have different chemical properties and biological functions.
Define Monomer
a molecule that can react with other molecules to form very large molecules (polymers); building blocks
Define Polymer
Macromolecules (very large), which are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers; can be broken up and rearranged to form different polymers
What are the four major classes of macromolecules?
Lipids (fats), Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What happens during a dehydration synthesis reaction?
The removal of water to bind monomers together to form a polymer
What happens during a hydrolysis reaction?
a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.
Why is carbon a versatile building block for organic molecules?
Carbon can form chains, form rings, form branches and form single double or triple bonds.
How are monomers, polymers, dehydration synthesis, and hydrolysis related?
Monomers make polymers through dehydration synthesis (removal of water molecules). Polymers are broken down into monomers by hydrolysis (the addition of water molecules)
If the monomer is a monosaccharide (e.g., glucose, fructose) then the polymer is a
polysaccharide (e.g., starch, cellulose)
If the monomer is an amino acid (e.g., arginine) then the polymer is a
polypeptide or protein (e.g., insulin)
If the monomer is a nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base in combination) then the polymer is a
nucleic acid (e.g., DNA, RNA)
DEHYDRATE
To lose or remove water; to take water away
HYDRO-
Means water
SYNTHESIS
To make something
-LYSIS
To split or break apart, release
Many monomers hooked together make a
Polymer
What is the building block or single unit of a polymer
Monomer
Describe the process of Dehydration Synthesis to Build a Polymer
Monomers join together (one monomer donates OH-, one monomer donates H+ to form H20) releasing H2O to build a polymer. Requires Energy and Enzymes. This is a condensation reaction.
Describe the process of Hydrolysis to Break Down a Polymer
Use H2O to break down polymers. Remove one monomer at a time. H2O splits into OH- and H+ then those molecules attach to the ends of the monomer that is pulled off and the polymer that is remaining. Requires Enzymes and Releases Energy. This is hydrolysis digestion.
What is the opposite of Dehydration Synthesis?
Hydrolysis
