6.1 Study Guide

Question 1

How many valence electrons does Carbon have?

Answer 1

Four

Question 2

Can Carbon form Ionic Bonds?

Answer 2

No

Question 3

Can Carbon form Covalent Bonds? If it can, how many Covalent Bonds can it form?

Answer 3

Yes, Four Covalent Bonds

Question 4

What percentage of a cell is made of carbon compounds?

Answer 4

25%

Question 5

How does Carbon store energy?

Answer 5

In C-H bonds

Question 6

What are cells made of?

Answer 6

72% H2O, 25% Carbon Compounds, ~3% Salts (Ions)

Question 7

Is Carbon abundant or scarce?

Answer 7

Abundant

Question 8

What are Functional Groups?

Answer 8

The parts of Organic Molecules that are involved in chemical reactions. What gives the molecules distinctive properties and makes the molecules more hydrophilic.

Question 9

Define hydrophilic

Answer 9

Increased solubility in water

Question 10

What is the structure of the HYDROXYL functional group. Is it polar, + charged, - charged or nonpolar? What molecules are they found in?

Answer 10

-OH, Polar, Alcohols (e.g., ethanol)

Question 11

What is the structure of the CARBONYL functional group. Is it polar, + charged, - charged or nonpolar? What molecules are they found in?

Answer 11

-COH and -CO; -COH is Polar and are found in Aldehydes (e.g. Formaldehyde); -CO is Polar and found in Ketones (e.g. Acetone)

Question 12

What is the structure of the CARBOXYL functional group. Is it polar, + charged, - charged or nonpolar? What molecules are they found in?

Answer 12

Carbon double bonded to O and single bonded to -OH; Negative Charge (loss of H); Found in Acids (e.g., Vinegar)

Question 13

What is the structure of the AMINO functional group. Is it polar, + charged, - charged or nonpolar? What molecules are they found in?

Answer 13

-NH2, Positive Charge, Bases (e.g., ammonia)

Question 14

What is the structure of the SULFHYDRL functional group. Is it polar, + charged, - charged or nonpolar? What molecules are they found in?

Answer 14

-SH, Polar (only slightly), Rubber

Question 15

What is the structure of the PHOSPHATE functional group. Is it polar, + charged, - charged or nonpolar? What molecules are they found in?

Answer 15

-PO4, Negative Charge, ATP

Question 16

What is the structure of the METHYL functional group. Is it polar, + charged, - charged or nonpolar? What molecules are they found in?

Answer 16

-CH3, Nonpolar, Proteins in the Body

Question 17

Which functional groups are negatively charged?

Answer 17

Carboxyl, Phosphate

Question 18

Which functional groups are positively charged?

Answer 18

Amino

Question 19

Which functional groups are polar?

Answer 19

Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Sulfhydryl

Question 20

What functional group is nonpolar?

Answer 20

Methyl

Question 21

Define Isomer

Answer 21

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures (shapes). Isomers have different chemical properties and biological functions.

Question 22

Define Monomer

Answer 22

a molecule that can react with other molecules to form very large molecules (polymers); building blocks

Question 23

Define Polymer

Answer 23

Macromolecules (very large), which are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers; can be broken up and rearranged to form different polymers

Question 24

What are the four major classes of macromolecules?

Answer 24

Lipids (fats), Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Question 25

What happens during a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Answer 25

The removal of water to bind monomers together to form a polymer

Question 26

What happens during a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 26

a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.

Question 27

Why is carbon a versatile building block for organic molecules?

Answer 27

Carbon can form chains, form rings, form branches and form single double or triple bonds.

Question 28

How are monomers, polymers, dehydration synthesis, and hydrolysis related?

Answer 28

Monomers make polymers through dehydration synthesis (removal of water molecules). Polymers are broken down into monomers by hydrolysis (the addition of water molecules)

Question 29

If the monomer is a monosaccharide (e.g., glucose, fructose) then the polymer is a

Answer 29

polysaccharide (e.g., starch, cellulose)

Question 30

If the monomer is an amino acid (e.g., arginine) then the polymer is a

Answer 30

polypeptide or protein (e.g., insulin)

Question 31

If the monomer is a nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base in combination) then the polymer is a

Answer 31

nucleic acid (e.g., DNA, RNA)

Question 32

DEHYDRATE

Answer 32

To lose or remove water; to take water away

Question 33

HYDRO-

Answer 33

Means water

Question 34

SYNTHESIS

Answer 34

To make something

Question 35

-LYSIS

Answer 35

To split or break apart, release

Question 36

Many monomers hooked together make a

Answer 36

Polymer

Question 37

What is the building block or single unit of a polymer

Answer 37

Monomer

Question 38

Describe the process of Dehydration Synthesis to Build a Polymer

Answer 38

Monomers join together (one monomer donates OH-, one monomer donates H+ to form H20) releasing H2O to build a polymer. Requires Energy and Enzymes. This is a condensation reaction.

Question 39

Describe the process of Hydrolysis to Break Down a Polymer

Answer 39

Use H2O to break down polymers. Remove one monomer at a time. H2O splits into OH- and H+ then those molecules attach to the ends of the monomer that is pulled off and the polymer that is remaining. Requires Enzymes and Releases Energy. This is hydrolysis digestion.

Question 40

What is the opposite of Dehydration Synthesis?

Answer 40

Hydrolysis