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Honors Biology > 9.1 Study Guide > Flashcards

9.1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first Cell Theory Principle?

A

All organisms are made of cells

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2
Q

What is the second Cell Theory Principle?

A

All existing cells are produced by other living cells

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3
Q

What is the third Cell Theory Principle?

A

The cell is the most basic unit of life

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4
Q

Rank the following from smallest to largest:
atom
electron
molecule
macromolecule
cell
organelle
organ
tissue
organ system
whole organism

A

atom
molecule
macromolecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
whole organim=sm

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5
Q

What tool helped to lead to the discovery of cells?

A

The (early) Microscope

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6
Q

What did Robert Hooke use an early microscope to view?

A

Cells in think slices of cork

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7
Q

What did Antonie van Leewenhoek (The Father of Microbiology) discover?

A

Protists and Bacteria (Animalcules)

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8
Q

What did German botanist Schleiden discover?

A

Cells are the building blocks of plants

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9
Q

What did Theodore Schwann declare?

A

All living things are composed of cells and cell products

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10
Q

Virchow “father of cellular pathology” discovered what?

A

Cells come from other cells

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11
Q

Atoms (0.1nm) to Animal and Plant Cells (10-100um) are viewed with what kind of microscope?

A

Electron Microscope

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12
Q

Virus (100um) to Frog Eggs (1mm) are viewed with what kind of microscope?

A

Light Microscope

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13
Q

Virus (100um) to Animal and Plant Cells (10-100um) can be viewed by these two types of microscopes.

A

Electron Microscope
Light Microscope

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14
Q

The size of cells and cell components are in what size range?

A

0.1nm (atom)
1-10nm (macromolecules)
10-100um (plant and animal cells)

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15
Q

Are living organisms all made up of numerous cells?

A

No - some organisms are just one cell like bacteria.

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16
Q

What shapes are the following bacteria?
1. Coccus
2. Spirillum
3. Bacillus

A
  1. Sphere
  2. Corkscrew
  3. Rod
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17
Q

Bacteria are unicellular and can be many shapes but typically contain these 5 cellular components and some that move contain this 6th cellular component.

A
  1. Cell Wall
  2. Cell Membrane
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. Free-floating DNA
  5. Ribosomes
  6. Flagellum
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18
Q

Animal Cells typically contain these 13 cellular components.

A
  1. Cell Membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nuclear Membrane
    • DNA
    • Nucleolus
    • Nucleus
  4. Mitochondria
  5. Ribosomes
  6. Lysosome
  7. Temporary Vacuole
  8. Vesicle
  9. Golgi Apparatus
  10. Endoplasmic Reticulum
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19
Q

Plant Cells typically contain these cellular components.

A
  1. Cell Wall
  2. Chloroplast
  3. Cell Membrane
  4. Cytoplasm
  5. Nuclear Membrane
    • DNA
    • Nucleolus
    • Nucleus
  6. Mitochondria
  7. Ribosomes
  8. Golgi Apparatus
  9. Large permanent vacuole
  10. Endoplasmic Reticulum
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20
Q

What cellular components do all Cell Types Have?

A

Cell Membrane
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
DNA

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21
Q

What cell structures are in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes?

A

Nucleolus
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Organelles with Membranes

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22
Q

What does the prefix “pro” mean?

A

before

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23
Q

What does the root “karyon” mean?

A

nucleus or kernel

24
Q

What does the prefix “eu” mean?

25
What is the definition of a prokaryote (cell)?
No Nucleus No other organelles surrounded by membranes
26
What is the definition of a eukaryote (cell)?
Has a Nucleus Has other organelles surrounded by membranes
27
Which of the following are Prokaryotic Cells? Bacterial Cells, Animals Cells, Plant Cells?
Only Bacterial Cells are Prokaryotic. Plant and Animal Cells are Eukaryotic.
28
What are organelles three main benefits or jobs?
1. Have Specialized Structures or Specialized Functions 2. Function as Containers 3. Some of their Membranes are Sites for Chemical Reactions
29
How does an Organelle functioning as Compartment help the cell?
1. Allows for different environments (pH, concentration differences) 2. Separates Distinct and Incompatible Functions (e.g., lysosome and its digestive enzymes)
30
Organelle membranes contain _________ that allow them to be sites for chemical reactions. Give a Plant Cell and Animal Cell example of an organelle with this function.
Embedded enzymes and reaction centers Plant Cell - Chloroplast / Mitochondria Animal Cell - Mitochondria
31
What are 5 potential advantages of the prokaryote cell structure (plan)?
1. Rapid reproduction 2. Quick adaptation 3. Efficient nutrient uptake 4. High surface-to-volume ratio 5. Utilize a diverse range of metabolic pathways to thrive in various environments
32
What are 3 potential advantages of the eukaryote cell structure (plan)?
1. -Compartmentalize cellular functions through membrane-bound organelles -Allowing for specialized biochemical reactions in different parts of the cell -Leading to increased efficiency and complexity in cellular processes, -Enabling the formation of multicellular organisms with diverse tissues and functions 2. Efficient DNA protection within the nucleus 3. Potential for larger cell sizes compared to prokaryotes.
33
Would you find the following structure in a prokaryote, eukaryote or both? DNA
Both
34
Would you find the following structure in a prokaryote, eukaryote or both? Membrane Bound Organelles
Eukaryotes
35
Would you find the following structure in a prokaryote, eukaryote or both? Mitochondria
Eukaryotes
36
Would you find the following structure in a prokaryote, eukaryote or both? Ribosomes
Both
37
Would you find the following structure in a prokaryote, eukaryote or both? Cell Membrane
Both
38
Would you find the following structure in a prokaryote, eukaryote or both? Nucleus
Eukaryotes
39
What is the role of Ribosomes?
Protein Synthesis
40
What is the outermost layer that forms a boundary around a bacteria cell called?
Cell Wall
41
What is Free-Floating DNA?
DNA that is not located within a cell's chromosomes or organelles. Instead, it exists outside these structures as extrachromosomal DNA.
42
All the internal structures in a bacterial cell are dissolved in what substance?
Cytoplasm
43
All cells are not the same because...
different types of cells express different sets of genes, leading to specialization in structure and function depending on their role within an organism, even though they may share the same DNA; this process is called gene expression.
44
What is the function of Vesicles?
Small containers that carry materials between cell compartments and out of the cell.
45
What are the three main functions of the Cell Membrane?
1. Protective barrier around the outside of the cell 2. Controls what molecules get in and out 3. Helps cells communicate with each other
46
What are the two main functions of the Nucleus?
1. Stores genetic information (DNA) 2. DNA replication (copying genes0
47
What are the two main functions of the Cytoskeleton?
1. Cell Shape and Structure 2. Keeps organelles in place
48
What is the main function of the Mitochondria?
Breakdown molecules to get energy for the cell
49
What is the main functions of Ribosomes?
Translation - read messages from the nucleus to build proteins
50
Do Ribosomes have their own membrane?
No
51
What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Smooth and Rough
52
What is the main function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Where lipids and hormones are made
53
What is the main function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Has Ribosomes on it which build Proteins
54
What are the two main functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
1. Gets packages of proteins from the ER and moves them through a series of stacked compartments 2. Add tags to proteins based on where they need to go in the cell
55

Honors Biology (33 decks)

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