9.1 Study Guide Flashcards
What is the first Cell Theory Principle?
All organisms are made of cells
What is the second Cell Theory Principle?
All existing cells are produced by other living cells
What is the third Cell Theory Principle?
The cell is the most basic unit of life
Rank the following from smallest to largest:
atom
electron
molecule
macromolecule
cell
organelle
organ
tissue
organ system
whole organism
atom
molecule
macromolecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
whole organim=sm
What tool helped to lead to the discovery of cells?
The (early) Microscope
What did Robert Hooke use an early microscope to view?
Cells in think slices of cork
What did Antonie van Leewenhoek (The Father of Microbiology) discover?
Protists and Bacteria (Animalcules)
What did German botanist Schleiden discover?
Cells are the building blocks of plants
What did Theodore Schwann declare?
All living things are composed of cells and cell products
Virchow “father of cellular pathology” discovered what?
Cells come from other cells
Atoms (0.1nm) to Animal and Plant Cells (10-100um) are viewed with what kind of microscope?
Electron Microscope
Virus (100um) to Frog Eggs (1mm) are viewed with what kind of microscope?
Light Microscope
Virus (100um) to Animal and Plant Cells (10-100um) can be viewed by these two types of microscopes.
Electron Microscope
Light Microscope
The size of cells and cell components are in what size range?
0.1nm (atom)
1-10nm (macromolecules)
10-100um (plant and animal cells)
Are living organisms all made up of numerous cells?
No - some organisms are just one cell like bacteria.
What shapes are the following bacteria?
1. Coccus
2. Spirillum
3. Bacillus
- Sphere
- Corkscrew
- Rod
Bacteria are unicellular and can be many shapes but typically contain these 5 cellular components and some that move contain this 6th cellular component.
- Cell Wall
- Cell Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Free-floating DNA
- Ribosomes
- Flagellum
Animal Cells typically contain these 13 cellular components.
- Cell Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nuclear Membrane
- DNA
- Nucleolus
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Lysosome
- Temporary Vacuole
- Vesicle
- Golgi Apparatus
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plant Cells typically contain these cellular components.
- Cell Wall
- Chloroplast
- Cell Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nuclear Membrane
- DNA
- Nucleolus
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Golgi Apparatus
- Large permanent vacuole
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
What cellular components do all Cell Types Have?
Cell Membrane
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
DNA
What cell structures are in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes?
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Organelles with Membranes
What does the prefix “pro” mean?
before
What does the root “karyon” mean?
nucleus or kernel
What does the prefix “eu” mean?
true
What is the definition of a prokaryote (cell)?
No Nucleus
No other organelles surrounded by membranes
What is the definition of a eukaryote (cell)?
Has a Nucleus
Has other organelles surrounded by membranes
Which of the following are Prokaryotic Cells? Bacterial Cells, Animals Cells, Plant Cells?
Only Bacterial Cells are Prokaryotic.
Plant and Animal Cells are Eukaryotic.
What are organelles three main benefits or jobs?
- Have Specialized Structures or Specialized Functions
- Function as Containers
- Some of their Membranes are Sites for Chemical Reactions
How does an Organelle functioning as Compartment help the cell?
- Allows for different environments (pH, concentration differences)
- Separates Distinct and Incompatible Functions (e.g., lysosome and its digestive enzymes)
Organelle membranes contain _________ that allow them to be sites for chemical reactions. Give a Plant Cell and Animal Cell example of an organelle with this function.
Embedded enzymes and reaction centers
Plant Cell - Chloroplast / Mitochondria
Animal Cell - Mitochondria
What are 5 potential advantages of the prokaryote cell structure (plan)?
- Rapid reproduction
- Quick adaptation
- Efficient nutrient uptake
- High surface-to-volume ratio
- Utilize a diverse range of metabolic pathways to thrive in various environments
What are 3 potential advantages of the eukaryote cell structure (plan)?
- -Compartmentalize cellular functions through
membrane-bound organelles
-Allowing for specialized biochemical reactions in
different parts of the cell
-Leading to increased efficiency and complexity in
cellular processes,
-Enabling the formation of multicellular organisms with
diverse tissues and functions - Efficient DNA protection within the nucleus
- Potential for larger cell sizes compared to prokaryotes.
Would you find the following structure in a prokaryote, eukaryote or both? DNA
Both
Would you find the following structure in a prokaryote, eukaryote or both? Membrane Bound Organelles
Eukaryotes
Would you find the following structure in a prokaryote, eukaryote or both? Mitochondria
Eukaryotes
Would you find the following structure in a prokaryote, eukaryote or both? Ribosomes
Both
Would you find the following structure in a prokaryote, eukaryote or both? Cell Membrane
Both
Would you find the following structure in a prokaryote, eukaryote or both? Nucleus
Eukaryotes
What is the role of Ribosomes?
Protein Synthesis
What is the outermost layer that forms a boundary around a bacteria cell called?
Cell Wall
What is Free-Floating DNA?
DNA that is not located within a cell’s chromosomes or organelles. Instead, it exists outside these structures as extrachromosomal DNA.
All the internal structures in a bacterial cell are dissolved in what substance?
Cytoplasm
All cells are not the same because…
different types of cells express different sets of genes, leading to specialization in structure and function depending on their role within an organism, even though they may share the same DNA; this process is called gene expression.
What is the function of Vesicles?
Small containers that carry materials between cell compartments and out of the cell.
What are the three main functions of the Cell Membrane?
- Protective barrier around the outside of the cell
- Controls what molecules get in and out
- Helps cells communicate with each other
What are the two main functions of the Nucleus?
- Stores genetic information (DNA)
- DNA replication (copying genes0
What are the two main functions of the Cytoskeleton?
- Cell Shape and Structure
- Keeps organelles in place
What is the main function of the Mitochondria?
Breakdown molecules to get energy for the cell
What is the main functions of Ribosomes?
Translation - read messages from the nucleus to build proteins
Do Ribosomes have their own membrane?
No
What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Smooth and Rough
What is the main function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Where lipids and hormones are made
What is the main function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Has Ribosomes on it which build Proteins
What are the two main functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
- Gets packages of proteins from the ER and moves them through a series of stacked compartments
- Add tags to proteins based on where they need to go in the cell
