10.2 Study Guide Flashcards
What is the order of the stages in mitosis?
PPMAT + Cytokinesis
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
What occurs in the Prophase Stage of Mitosis?
Chromosomes condense and recruit condension
What occurs in the Prometaphase Stage of Mitosis?
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Chromosomes condense further
Spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores on each sister chromatid.
What occurs in the Metaphase Stage of Mitosis?
Nucleus dissolves
Chromosomes condense and move to the center of the cell
What occurs in the Anaphase Stage of Mitosis?
Sister chromatids break apart and move to opposite ends of the cell
What occurs in the Telophase Stage of Mitosis?
Two daughter nuclei form
Nuclear envelope begins to reappear
What occurs during Cytokinesis?
Cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells
Draw a cell as it moves through the stages of Mitosis
Reminder to draw diagram
What causes specialized cells to be different from each other?
the cells express, or use, different subsets of their genes, leading to the production of distinct proteins and structures, which in turn determine their unique functions and morphology.
Compare the parent cell to the daughter cell after mitosis.
Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell (same number of chromosomes and full set of DNA)
Parent and daughter cells are usually diploid (two sets of chromosomes)
How can all of your body cell have the same genetic code but the individual cells have different functions?
All your body cells share the same DNA but they differentiate and perform distinct functions because different genes are “turned on” (expressed) and “turned off” (repressed) in each cell type, leading to the production of specific proteins.
What is the role of transcription factors in cell differentiation?
Transcription factors control gene expression and direct cells to specialize into different types through activating or repressing specific genes.
How is cytokinesis different in plant and animal cells?
Animal cells form a cleavage furrow
Plant cells form a cell plate
What are totipotent embryonic stem cells?
Stem cells that can form all cell types of the body, including those that make up the embryo and the extra-embryonic tissues (like the placenta).
What are pluripotent embryonic stem cells?
Stem Cells derived from the inner cell mass of a pre-implantation embryo.
They can differentiate into any cell type in the body,
They can divide indefinitely in a lab setting while maintaining their ability to develop into various cell types.
What are multipotent embryonic stem cells?
Stem cell that can differentiate into multiple, but not all, cell types within a specific tissue or organ.
What are induced pluripotent stem cells?
Cells that have been artificially reprogrammed from a patient’s adult cells (like skin or blood) to an embryonic-like state, allowing them to differentiate into any cell type in the body.
Example of multipotent stem cells?
Neural
Intestinal
Mesenchymal
Hematopoietic
Example of pluripotent stem cells?
Embryonic
Example of induced pluripotent stem cells?
Skin Cells artificially reprogrammed to pluripotent state for regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
What is a stem cell?
A special type of cells that are able to make more cells like themselves (self-renew) and they can become other cells that do different things (differentiation)
How does your body use stem cells?
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration:
- Blood Cell Production
- Organ Maintenance and Renewal
- Embryonic Development
- Therapeutic Applications- Stem cells can be harvested from a patient or donor and used in treatments for various diseases, such as blood cancers, autoimmune disorders, and organ failure.
The body’s ability to use stem cells declines with age, which may contribute to the increased risk of certain diseases in older adults
What is the goal of regenerative medicine?
To repair, replace, or regenerate damaged or diseased cells, tissues, or organs to restore their normal function using the body’s own healing capabilities or engineered solutions.
Tissue Specific Adult Stem Cells?
Also known as somatic or adult stem cells, are multipotent stem cells found in various adult organs and tissues, capable of differentiating into specific cell types within that tissue, but not all cell types in the body.
