10.2 Study Guide Flashcards
What is the order of the stages in mitosis?
PPMAT + Cytokinesis
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
What occurs in the Prophase Stage of Mitosis?
Chromosomes condense and recruit condension
What occurs in the Prometaphase Stage of Mitosis?
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Chromosomes condense further
Spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores on each sister chromatid.
What occurs in the Metaphase Stage of Mitosis?
Nucleus dissolves
Chromosomes condense and move to the center of the cell
What occurs in the Anaphase Stage of Mitosis?
Sister chromatids break apart and move to opposite ends of the cell
What occurs in the Telophase Stage of Mitosis?
Two daughter nuclei form
Nuclear envelope begins to reappear
What occurs during Cytokinesis?
Cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells
Draw a cell as it moves through the stages of Mitosis
Reminder to draw diagram
What causes specialized cells to be different from each other?
the cells express, or use, different subsets of their genes, leading to the production of distinct proteins and structures, which in turn determine their unique functions and morphology.
Compare the parent cell to the daughter cell after mitosis.
Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell (same number of chromosomes and full set of DNA)
Parent and daughter cells are usually diploid (two sets of chromosomes)
How can all of your body cell have the same genetic code but the individual cells have different functions?
All your body cells share the same DNA but they differentiate and perform distinct functions because different genes are “turned on” (expressed) and “turned off” (repressed) in each cell type, leading to the production of specific proteins.
What is the role of transcription factors in cell differentiation?
Transcription factors control gene expression and direct cells to specialize into different types through activating or repressing specific genes.
How is cytokinesis different in plant and animal cells?
Animal cells form a cleavage furrow
Plant cells form a cell plate
What are totipotent embryonic stem cells?
Stem cells that can form all cell types of the body, including those that make up the embryo and the extra-embryonic tissues (like the placenta).
What are pluripotent embryonic stem cells?
Stem Cells derived from the inner cell mass of a pre-implantation embryo.
They can differentiate into any cell type in the body,
They can divide indefinitely in a lab setting while maintaining their ability to develop into various cell types.
What are multipotent embryonic stem cells?
Stem cell that can differentiate into multiple, but not all, cell types within a specific tissue or organ.
What are induced pluripotent stem cells?
Cells that have been artificially reprogrammed from a patient’s adult cells (like skin or blood) to an embryonic-like state, allowing them to differentiate into any cell type in the body.
Example of multipotent stem cells?
Neural
Intestinal
Mesenchymal
Hematopoietic
Example of pluripotent stem cells?
Embryonic
Example of induced pluripotent stem cells?
Skin Cells artificially reprogrammed to pluripotent state for regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
What is a stem cell?
A special type of cells that are able to make more cells like themselves (self-renew) and they can become other cells that do different things (differentiation)
How does your body use stem cells?
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration:
- Blood Cell Production
- Organ Maintenance and Renewal
- Embryonic Development
- Therapeutic Applications- Stem cells can be harvested from a patient or donor and used in treatments for various diseases, such as blood cancers, autoimmune disorders, and organ failure.
The body’s ability to use stem cells declines with age, which may contribute to the increased risk of certain diseases in older adults
What is the goal of regenerative medicine?
To repair, replace, or regenerate damaged or diseased cells, tissues, or organs to restore their normal function using the body’s own healing capabilities or engineered solutions.
Tissue Specific Adult Stem Cells?
Also known as somatic or adult stem cells, are multipotent stem cells found in various adult organs and tissues, capable of differentiating into specific cell types within that tissue, but not all cell types in the body.
What are Somatic Cells?
To become different types of specialized cells, cells need to ___________ of protein.
make different types/ amounts
What is Differential Gene Expression?
The process where genes are turned on or off in different cell types, at different stages of development, or in response to environmental changes, leading to specialized cell functions.
What are transcription factors?
Proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences, either activating or inhibiting the transcription of genes.
What are transcription activators?
Proteins (transcription factors) that increase the transcription of a gene or set of genes by binding to specific DNA sequences (enhancers or promoter-proximal elements) and facilitating the recruitment of RNA polymerase and other necessary proteins.
What are transcription repressors?
A protein (transcription factor) that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to specific DNA sequences (like operators or silencers) and preventing RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter, thus stopping transcription.
In Differential Gene Expression what is an enhancer?
A regulatory DNA sequence that increases the transcription of a target gene by binding to specific transcription factors and facilitating the interaction between the promoter and the RNA polymerase II complex.
In Differential Gene Expression what is a promoter?
A DNA sequence located upstream of a gene that serves as a binding site for RNA polymerase and other transcription factors, initiating the process of gene transcription.
What are precursor cells?
Cells that develop from stem cells and have the potential to differentiate and mature into one or more specific cell types, essentially acting as a stage in the development of more specialized cells.
Can transcription factors “turn on” at different times during cell differentiation? Y or N
Yes
Can transcription factors “turn on” or change with cellular conditions? Y or N
Yes
Transcription factors can act on gene expression and change the cell in different ways. Does this change affect the next generation of cells derived from that cell?
Yes
Does one transcription factor or a combination of different transcription factors determine the cell type?
A combination of different transcription factors
Example of Ectoderm Cells
Neurons
Glial Cells
Epidermis
Retina
Example of Mesoderm Cells
Connective Tissue
Skeletal Muscles
Blood Cells
Example of Endoderm Cells
Pulmonary Alveoli
Thyroid Glad
Intestinal Epithelium
