9- Developmental Psychology Flashcards
Fertilized egg; enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
Zygote
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
Developmental psychology
The developing human organism from about 2 weeks to the 2nd month
Embryo
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Fetus
Formed by the outer cells of the zygote; attaches to the uterine wall, and transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus
Placenta
Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Teratogen
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women’s heavy drinking; in severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial mis proportions.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; getting used to something
Habituation
Prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness
Child’s preferences/novelties
At birth, we have most of the brain cells we will have
Brain development in infancy
Shuts down excess connections and strengthens others
Pruning process
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Maturation
Learning to walk is a part of …
Motor development in infancy
No clear memories prior to age three; immature hippocampus and frontal lobes
Infantile amnesia
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Cognition
Interested in children’s cognitive abilities in the 1920s
Piaget
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Schema
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Assimilation
Adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information
Accommodation
Sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage
Piaget’s theory and current thinking
The stage (from birth to 2 years) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities; involves object permanence and stranger anxiety
Sensorimotor stage
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Object permanence
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning about 8 months
Stranger anxiety
Stage (from 2 years to about 6 or 7 years) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic; involves pretend play, egocentrism, and the inability to comprehend conservation
Preoperational stage
The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Conservation
The preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
Egocentrism
The stage (from 6 or 7 years to 11 years) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events; involves conservation and mathematical transformations
Concrete operational stage
Stage (normally begins around 12 years) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts; involves abstract logic and potential for mature moral reasoning
Formal operational stage
People’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts- and behaviors these might predict
Theory of mind
Studied how a child’s mind feeds on the language of social interaction
Lev Vygotsky
- Development is more continuous
- influential theory
- larger emphasis on social factors
Piaget’s theory
The zone between what they could learn with and without help
Zone of proximal development
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of other’s states of mind
Autism
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress upon separation
Attachment
Body contact
Harlow’s studies
An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Critical period
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life; studied by Konrad Lorenz with birds
Imprinting
A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Temperament
A
Secure attachment
A
Insecure attachment
A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
Basic trust