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Psychology > 6- Learning > Flashcards

6- Learning Flashcards

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0
Q

an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

A

habituation

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1
Q

a relatively permanent change in organism’s behavior due to experience

A

Learning

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2
Q

learning that certain events occur together; two stimuli or a response and its consequences; classical conditioning and operant conditioning

A

associative learning

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3
Q

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events; Pavlov and Watson (Little Albert)

A

classical conditioning

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4
Q

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

A

behaviorism

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5
Q

Russian physiologist, was curious about digestion

A

Pavlov

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6
Q

a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically- triggers a response (food in Pavlov’s studies)

A

unconditioned stimulus (US/UCS)

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7
Q

the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the US (salivation)

A

unconditioned response (UR/UCR)

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8
Q

an originally irrelevant stimulus, that, after association with an US, triggering a CR (bell ringing)

A

conditioned stimulus (CS)

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9
Q

the learned response to previously neutral stimulus (CS) (salivation with tone)

A

conditioned response (CR)

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10
Q

the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

A

acquisition

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11
Q

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

A

higher-order conditioning

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12
Q

the diminishing of a conditioned response; in classical conditioning, when an US does not follow a CS; in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced

A

extinction

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13
Q

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

A

spontaneous recovery

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14
Q

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

A

generalization

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15
Q

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

A

discrimination

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16
Q

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

A

learned helplessness

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17
Q

a

A

conditioned taste aversion

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18
Q
  • classical conditioning applies to other organisms

- showed how to study a topic scientifically

A

Pavlov’s Legacy

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19
Q

-Little Albert

A

John Watson

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20
Q

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

A

operant conditioning

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21
Q

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

A

respondent behavior

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22
Q

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

A

operant behavior

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23
Q

principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

A

Thorndike’s law of effect

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24
Q

Skinner box; a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

A

operant chamber

25
Q

when reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

A

shaping

26
Q

a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

A

discriminative stimulus

27
Q

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

A

reinforcer

28
Q

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli; strengthens the response

A

positive reinforcement

29
Q

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli; strengthens the response; not a punishment

A

negative reinforcement

30
Q

an innately reinforcing stimulus; satisfies a biological need (such as food)

A

primary reinforcers

31
Q

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (money, grades); secondary reinforcer

A

conditioned reinforcer

32
Q

easier associations are made with

A

immediate reinforcement

33
Q

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

A

continuous reinforcement

34
Q

reinforcing a response only part of the time

A

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

35
Q

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

A

fixed-ratio schedule

36
Q

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses; hard to extinguish

A

variable-ratio schedule

37
Q

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

A

fixed-interval schedule

38
Q

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

A

variable-interval schedule

39
Q

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

A

punishment

40
Q

Administering an aversive stimulus (spanking, parking ticket)

A

Positive punishment

41
Q

Withdrawing a desirable stimulus (time-out from privileges (such as time with friends); revoked driver’s liscense)

A

Negative punishment

42
Q

Punished behavior is ______, not ________

A

Suppressed; forgotten

43
Q

Punishment teaches ________.

A

Discrimination

44
Q

Punishment may teach ______.

A

Fear

45
Q

Physical punishment can increase _______

A

Aggressiveness

46
Q

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

A

Cognitive map

47
Q

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

A

Latent learning

48
Q

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

A

Insight

49
Q

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

A

Intrinsic motivation

50
Q

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

A

Extrinsic motivation

51
Q

Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are _____ _______.

A

Naturally adaptive

52
Q

At school, at home, in sports, for self-improvement

A

Applications of operant conditioning

53
Q

A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state

A

Biofeedback

54
Q

learning by observing others; also called social learning

A

Observational learning

55
Q

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

A

Modeling

56
Q

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; may enable imitation and empathy

A

Mirror neurons

57
Q

Ability to infer another’s mental state and perspective

A

Theory of mind

58
Q

Bobo doll experiment

A

Bandura

59
Q

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior; opposite of antisocial behavior

A

Prosocial behavior

60
Q

Take advantage of or victimizing others in some way

A

Antisocial behavior

Psychology (18 decks)

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