6- Learning Flashcards
an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
habituation
a relatively permanent change in organism’s behavior due to experience
Learning
learning that certain events occur together; two stimuli or a response and its consequences; classical conditioning and operant conditioning
associative learning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events; Pavlov and Watson (Little Albert)
classical conditioning
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes
behaviorism
Russian physiologist, was curious about digestion
Pavlov
a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically- triggers a response (food in Pavlov’s studies)
unconditioned stimulus (US/UCS)
the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the US (salivation)
unconditioned response (UR/UCR)
an originally irrelevant stimulus, that, after association with an US, triggering a CR (bell ringing)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
the learned response to previously neutral stimulus (CS) (salivation with tone)
conditioned response (CR)
the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
acquisition
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus
higher-order conditioning
the diminishing of a conditioned response; in classical conditioning, when an US does not follow a CS; in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced
extinction
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
generalization
the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
discrimination
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
learned helplessness
a
conditioned taste aversion
- classical conditioning applies to other organisms
- showed how to study a topic scientifically
Pavlov’s Legacy
-Little Albert
John Watson
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
operant conditioning
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
respondent behavior
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
operant behavior
principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Thorndike’s law of effect
Skinner box; a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking
operant chamber
when reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
shaping
a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
discriminative stimulus
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
reinforcer
increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli; strengthens the response
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli; strengthens the response; not a punishment
negative reinforcement
an innately reinforcing stimulus; satisfies a biological need (such as food)
primary reinforcers
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (money, grades); secondary reinforcer
conditioned reinforcer
easier associations are made with
immediate reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
fixed-ratio schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses; hard to extinguish
variable-ratio schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
fixed-interval schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
variable-interval schedule
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
punishment
Administering an aversive stimulus (spanking, parking ticket)
Positive punishment
Withdrawing a desirable stimulus (time-out from privileges (such as time with friends); revoked driver’s liscense)
Negative punishment
Punished behavior is ______, not ________
Suppressed; forgotten
Punishment teaches ________.
Discrimination
Punishment may teach ______.
Fear
Physical punishment can increase _______
Aggressiveness
A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Cognitive map
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Latent learning
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
Insight
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Extrinsic motivation
Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are _____ _______.
Naturally adaptive
At school, at home, in sports, for self-improvement
Applications of operant conditioning
A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state
Biofeedback
learning by observing others; also called social learning
Observational learning
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Modeling
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; may enable imitation and empathy
Mirror neurons
Ability to infer another’s mental state and perspective
Theory of mind
Bobo doll experiment
Bandura
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior; opposite of antisocial behavior
Prosocial behavior
Take advantage of or victimizing others in some way
Antisocial behavior
