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Psychology > 7A- Cognition: Memory > Flashcards

7A- Cognition: Memory Flashcards

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0
Q

The processing of information into the memory systems

A

Encoding

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1
Q

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

A

Memory

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2
Q

The retention of encoded information over time

A

Storage

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3
Q

The process of getting information out of memory storage

A

Retrieval

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4
Q

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

A

Sensory memory

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5
Q

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

A

Short-term memory

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6
Q

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences; some information goes directly here

A

Long-term memory

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7
Q

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information from long-term memory

A

Working memory

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8
Q

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

A

Parallel processing

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9
Q

Unconscious encoding of incidental information and well-learned information; includes details of timing, space, and frequency

A

Automatic processing

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10
Q

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

A

Effortful processing

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11
Q

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

A

Rehearsal

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12
Q

His curve showed that as rehearsal increases, relearning time decreases

A

Ebbinghaus

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13
Q

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

A

Spacing effect

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14
Q

Testing more times yields better long-term retention

A

Testing effect

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15
Q

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

A

Serial position effect

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16
Q

The last item in a list remembered

A

Recency effect

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17
Q

The first item in a list remembered

A

Primacy effect

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18
Q

The encoding of picture images

A

Visual encoding

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19
Q

The encoding of sound

A

Acoustic encoding

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20
Q

The encoding of meaning; the best way to remember things/terms later

A

Semantic encoding

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21
Q

Attaching things to relevant examples in one’s own life, these are remembered better

A

Self-reference effect

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22
Q

Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

A

Imagery

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23
Q

After something occurs, we remember it as more pleasant

A

Rosy retrospection

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24
Q

Memory aids such as vivid imagery and organizational devices

A

Mnemonic

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25
Q

Attaching information to a list you already have

A

Peg-word system

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26
Q

Type of chunking; ROY G BIV (colors); HOMES (Great Lakes)

A

Acronym

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27
Q

Dividing things into subsections, sections, and outlines

A

Hierarchies

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28
Q

We hang onto more information than we realize

A

Sperling’s memory experiment

29
Q

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; photograph or image memory lasting for fewer than a few tenths of a second

A

Iconic memory

30
Q

Auditory stimuli; sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds

A

Echoic memory

31
Q

Magic number

A

7 plus or minus 2

32
Q

Path to how people learn things

A

Memory trace

33
Q

An increase in a synapse’s firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation

A

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

34
Q

Memory boosting drug that switches genes on and off

A

CREB

35
Q

Memory boosting drug that enhances synaptic communication

A

Glutamate

36
Q

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event; stored in long term memory

A

Flashbulb memory

37
Q

The loss of memory

A

Amnesia

38
Q

A study involving a man who had a part of his brain, that is involved in laying new conscious memories of facts and experiences, surgically removed; he was able to do tasks he had learned prior to the surgery, but could not convert new experiences to long-term storage

A

HM Studies

39
Q

Retention independent of conscious recollection

A

Implicit memory

40
Q

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

A

Explicit memory

41
Q

Processes explicit memories for storage

A

Hippocampus

42
Q

Forms and stores implicit memories

A

Cerebellum

43
Q

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, (fill-in-the-blank)

A

Recall

44
Q

The person need only to identify items previously learned, (multiple choice)

A

Recognition

45
Q

Assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

A

Relearning

46
Q

Anchor points you can use to access the target information when you retrieve it better; mnemonic devices; priming

A

Retrieval cues

47
Q

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

A

Priming

48
Q

The eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before”

A

Deja vu

49
Q

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood

A

Mood congruent memory

50
Q

Absentmindedness, transience, and blocking

A

Sins of forgetting

51
Q

Misattribution, suggestibility, and bias

A

Sins of distortion

52
Q

Persistence

A

Sin of intrusion

53
Q

Inattention to details leads to encoding failures

A

Absent-mindedness

54
Q

Storage decay over time

A

Transience

55
Q

Inaccessibility of stored information (tip of your tongue)

A

Blocking

56
Q

Confusing the source of information

A

Misatteibution

57
Q

The lingering effects of misinformation

A

Suggestibility

58
Q

Belief-colored recollections

A

Bias

59
Q

Unwanted memories

A

Persistence

60
Q

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

A

Proactive interference

61
Q

The disruption effect of new learning on the recall of old information

A

Retroactive interference

62
Q

Remembering something the way we want to

A

Self-serving personal histories

63
Q

The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, or memories

A

Repression

64
Q

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; 1-800-HOLIDAY

A

Chunking

65
Q

When asked the speed of the cars, those who were asked when they smashed into each other reported higher speeds than those who were asked when they hit each other

A

Loftus memory studies

66
Q

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

A

Misinformation effect

67
Q

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined; also called source misattribution

A

Source amnesia

68
Q

Eyewitnesses express roughly similar self-assurance

A

Eye witness testimony

69
Q

Study repeatedly, sleep more, make the material meaningful, activate retrieval cues, use mnemonic devices, minimize interference, and test your own knowledge

A

Way to Improve memory

Psychology (18 decks)

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