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Psychology > 7B- Cognition: Thinking and Learning > Flashcards

7B- Cognition: Thinking and Learning Flashcards

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0
Q

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

A

Concepts

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1
Q

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

Cognition

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2
Q

A mental image or best example of a category

A

Prototype

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3
Q

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; step-by-step; you will find the answer, but it is time consuming

A

Algorithm

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4
Q

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; faster process, but not guaranteed to solve the problem

A

Heuristic

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5
Q

A sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem

A

Insight

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6
Q

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

A

Creativity

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7
Q
  • expertise
  • intrinsic motivation
  • creative environment
  • imaginative thinking skills
  • venturesome personality
A

Sternberg’s five components to creativity

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8
Q

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

A

Confirmation bias

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9
Q

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

A

Fixation

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10
Q

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

A

Mental set

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11
Q

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

A

Functional fixedness

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12
Q

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

A

Representative heuristic

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13
Q

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

A

Availability heuristic

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14
Q

The tendency to be more confident than correct

A

Overconfidence

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15
Q

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

A

Belief perseverance

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16
Q

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

A

Intuition

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17
Q

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

A

Framing

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18
Q

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

A

Language

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19
Q

The smallest distinctive sound unit in language

A

Phoneme

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20
Q

In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

A

Morpheme

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21
Q

In language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others

A

Grammar

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22
Q

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences; the study of meaning

A

Semantics

23
Q

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

A

Syntax

24
Q

Ability to comprehend speech

A

Receptive language

25
Q

Ability to produce words

A

Productive language

26
Q

Beginning at 4 months, the stage in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

A

Babbling stage

27
Q

From ages 1-2, the stage during which a child speaks mostly in single words

A

One-word stage

28
Q

Beginning at age 2, the stage during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

A

Two-word stage

29
Q

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs

A

Telegraphic speech

30
Q
  • Associations (sights with sounds)
  • imitation (words with syntax)
  • reinforcement (actions with emotions)
A

Skinner’s learning principles

31
Q
  • language acquisition device

- universal grammar

A

Chomsky

32
Q

We speak certain sounds together based on how often we hear the sounds together and in what order

A

Statistical learning

33
Q

The best time to master certain aspects of language

A

Critical (sensitive) period- childhood

34
Q

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

A

Linguistic determinism

35
Q

Bilingual children, who learn to inhibit one language while using the other, are better able to inhibit their attention to irrelevant information

A

Bilingual advantage

36
Q

Apes and monkey can form _____

A

Concepts

37
Q

Some animals are able to display the ability to _____ ______

A

Solve problems

38
Q

Chimps have become _______ ______ _____

A

Natural tool users

39
Q

Studied chimps’ ability to remember and relate numbers; chimp’s name of which he studied is Ai taps

A

Matsuzawa

40
Q

A grey parrot who could comprehend numbers up to six

A

Alex

41
Q

Chimps invent ______ and transmit _____ _____ to their peers and offspring

A

Behaviors; cultural patterns

42
Q

Animals _____

A

Communicate

43
Q

A border collie who can fetch 200 items by name; he can also pick out a novel item from among a group of familiar items

A

Rico

44
Q

An ape that Learned sign language

A

Washoe

45
Q

Apes usually sign _____ words! but sometimes they _____ words ______

A

Single; string; together

46
Q

An ape who Herbert Terrace believed only signed to get rewards

A

Nim Chimsky

47
Q

A baby ape who learned signs from Washoe

A

Loulis

48
Q

An ape who seems to have grammatical abilities similar to a 2 year old human baby

A

Kanzi

49
Q

Prohibiting the use of gestures disrupts _____

A

Speech

50
Q

Blind people still _____ ______ even among other blind people

A

Use gestures

51
Q

Language designed to alter our perception and corrupt our thinking

A

Doublespeak

52
Q

Specialized language of our trade or profession

A

Jargon

53
Q

Inoffensive or positive words used to avoid a harsh or distasteful reality

A

Euphemism

54
Q

Pile on words or overwhelming the audience, either because of carelessness or by design

A

Gobbledygook

55
Q

An attempt to make the ordinary seem extraordinary

A

Inflated language

Psychology (18 decks)

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