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Psychology > 2- Research Methods > Flashcards

2- Research Methods Flashcards

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0
Q

Curiosity, skepticism of competing ideas, humility before nature

A

Parts of the scientific attitude

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1
Q

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

A

Hindsight bias

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2
Q

Examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

A

Critical thinking

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3
Q

An explanation that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

A

Theory

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4
Q

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

A

Hypothesis

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5
Q

A statement of procedures used to define variables

A

Operational definition

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6
Q

Repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

A

Replication

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7
Q

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles; suggests further study; cannot discern general truths; relatively inexpensive

A

Case study

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8
Q

An instrument where you ask a bunch of questions, and they answer to figure out self-reported attitudes and behaviors

A

Survey

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9
Q

The way the question is worded may make you answer in a certain way

A

Wording effect

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10
Q

Process of getting your answers

A

Sampling

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11
Q

All the cases in the group being studied

A

Population

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12
Q

Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected as a participant

A

Random sample

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13
Q

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation; describes behavior, does not explain behavior

A

Naturalistic observation

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14
Q

The relationship between two variables; how well either factor predicts the other

A

Correlation

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15
Q

A statistical index of the relationship between two things (-1.0 to 1.0); positive means they move together, negative means move in opposite directions, zero means there is no connection; describes direction not strength

A

Correlational coefficient

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16
Q

Represents the value of two variables

A

Scatterplot

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17
Q

Correlation helps predict, not _______

A

Causation

18
Q

The perception of a relationship where none exists; perceived nonexistent correlation; random coincidence

A

Illusory correlation

19
Q

This comes from our need to make sense out of the world

A

Perceiving order in random events

20
Q

A research in which the investigator is manipulating one variable to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process; can isolate cause and effect; lots of ground work and money are required

A

Experiment

21
Q

Assigning participants to experimental or control groups by chance

A

Random assignment

22
Q

When just the participants don’t know which group they are in

A

Single blind procedure

23
Q

When the people collecting the information also don’t know which group the participants are in

A

Double-blind procedure

24
Q

The meat expectation that something is going to happen, increases our perception that it is going to happen

A

Placebo effect

25
Q

The group exposed to the treatment

A

Experimental group

26
Q

The group not exposed to the treatment

A

Control group

27
Q

The experimental factor that is not manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

A

Independent variable

28
Q

A factor other than the independent variable that might affect the results

A

Confounding variable

29
Q

The outcome variable; may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

A

Dependent variable

30
Q

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution

A

Mode

31
Q

The arithmetic average of a distribution

A

Mean

32
Q

The middle score in a distribution

A

Median

33
Q

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

A

Range

34
Q

A computed measure if how much scores vary around the mean score

A

Standard deviation

35
Q

Bell curve/normal distribution; symmetrical; describes the distribution of many types of data

A

Normal curve

36
Q

Representative samples are better than ______ samples

A

Biased

37
Q

Less-variable observations are more reliable than those that are ______

A

More variable

38
Q

More cases are ______ than fewer

A

Better

39
Q

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

A

Statistically significant

40
Q

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared

A

Culture

41
Q

An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

A

Informed consent

42
Q

The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

A

Debriefing

Psychology (18 decks)

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