11- Testing and Individual Differences Flashcards
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
intelligence
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
savant syndrome
a method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
intelligence test
a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
general intelligence (g)
a statisical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test
factor analysis
- looked at 7 different clusters
- people who generally scored well on all if they scored well in one category
Thurstone’s counter argument to g
thinking error; viewing an abstract concept as if it were a concrete thing
reification
- linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal (self), interpersonal (other people), and naturalist
- a possible 9th- existential
Gardner’s 8 Intelligences
analytical (academic problem-solving), creative (generating novel ideas), and practical (everyday tasks)
Sternberg’s 3 Intelligences
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
emotional intelligence
has a correlation of +.33
brain size and intelligence
speed it takes to perform a task
neurological speed
reaction time, sensory acuity, muscular power, body proportions
intellectual strengths
measured natural abilities, and was the person who created the term, nature and nurture
Francis Galton
was asked to come up with a way to identify French school children in need of assistance in school; came up with mental age, and was not worried about the cause of someone’s mental age
Alfred Binet
birth age
chronological age
the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
mental age
worked at Stanford to come up with a revised test from Binet’s original intelligence test; came up with IQ
Lewis Terman
the widely used revision of Binet’s original intelligence test; was used during WWI to test newly-arriving immigrants and army recruits
Stanford-Binet Test
defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100; now an average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
intelligence quotient (IQ)
test designed to assess what a person has learned (end of course exams)
achievement test
test designed to predict a person’s future performance (SAT, ACT)
aptitude test
The most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Similar to the WAIS, but for children
WISC
Defining meaningful scores by comparison with performance of a pretested group
Standardization
The symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
Normal curve
Over time, average intelligence test performance rises
Flynn effect
The extent to which a test yields consistent results; scores have to correlate
Reliability
The same test is given in its entirety both times
Test-retest reliability
Test is given in 2 parts at different times
Split-half reliability
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Validity
The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
Content validity
Pertinent behavior
Criterion
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
Predictive validity
When tested at age 11 and then again at 80, scores correlated with a +.66
Stability of intelligence
A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life (mild to profound)
Intellectual disability (Mental retardation)
A condition of intellectual disability and associated with physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
Down syndrome
Integrating children with disabilities into regular classrooms to be educated in less restrictive environments
Mainstreaming
Looked at kids who scored over 135 on the intelligence test
Terman’s study of gifted
The label given to one, whether “not gifted” or “gifted”, may influence what they truly become
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Suited to each child’s talents, we can promote equity and excellence for all
Appropriate developmental placement
Intelligence test scores are ______________ when identical twins take the test
Virtually the same, as if the same person took the same test twice
If identical twins are raised apart, the scores are ______
Similar but not the same
70% of variation in test scores can be attributed to _________
Genetic variation
When Many genes seem to be involved
Polygenetic
Scores of adoptive siblings correlate _______
Modestly
Over time, ______________, not _________, become more apparent as we accumulate life experience
Genetic influences; environmental ones
The variation in traits that can be attributed to genetic factors
Heritability
Early neglect does affect brain damage and physical developmental; tutored human enrichment; target tutoring
Early environmental influences
Government funded preschool program for families below the poverty level
Project Head Start
Females are better; only about 30% of makes do better at this task than females
Spelling
Females excel at verbal fluency and at remembering words
Vernal ability
Females have an edge in remembering and locating objects
Nonverbal memory
Females are more sensitive to touch, taste, and odor
Sensation
Females are better decetors at this
Emotion-detecting ability
Males and females obtained nearly the same scores; females are better at computation, while makes are better at problem solving
Math and spatial aptitudes
There are more males at the outliers
Greater male variability
Individual differences ______ a race are much greater than differences ______ races
Within; between
Detect not only innate differences but also performance differences caused by cultural experiences
Popular sense of bias
Detects the future behavior only only for some groups but not others
Scientific sense of bias
A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Stereotype threat
