14- Social Psychology Flashcards
Underestimating the impact of a situation and overestimating the impact of personal disposition
Fundamental attribution error
Explaining someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation of the person’s predisposition
Attribution theory
Seeing ourselves in the situation
Self-serving bias
Feelings influenced by beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
Attitude
Attitude change path in which interested people focus on arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
Central route persuasion
Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues
Peripheral route persuasion
Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
A set of expectations about a social position that defines how those in the position ought to behave
Role
The theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
Cognitive dissonance theory
Mimicking other people’s behavioral acts
Chameleon effect
Attitude changes related to the people around you
Mood-linkage
Adjusting kne’s behavior to coincide with a group standard
Conformity
When a participant was asked to say which of the three lines is equal to the standard line given, and two people in the room, actors, said a line that was obviously not equal to it, the participant went along with what the other two people said
Solomon Asch study
- one is made to feel impncompetent
- group has at least 3 people
- group is unanimous
- one admires the group’s status
- one has no prior commitments to any response
- others in the group observes one’s behavior
- one’s culture strongly encourages respect for social standards
Conditions that strengthen conformity
Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Normative social influence
Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality
Informational social influence
The shock level experiment between “teachers” and “students”
Milgram’s Studies
- the person giving orders was close at hand and was perceived to be a legitimate authority figure
- the authority figure was supported by a prestigious instituation/university
- the victim was depersonalized or at a distance, even in another room
- there were no role models for defiance; no other participants were seen disobeying the experimenter
When obedience was high
Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Social facilitation
If a task is ______, when people are around watching your skills appear to be worse
Extremely difficult
An activity or something someone does _____, they do better when people are watching
Well
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Social loafing
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Deindividuation
The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
Group polarization
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
-examples: Bay of Pigs, Challenger explosion
Groupthink
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Culture
An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior; prescribe proper behavior
Norm
The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
Personal space
Culture changes happen _______ from generation to generation
Quickly
How individuals influence a group; have to stay firm and seem self-confident
Minority influence
Usually negative; an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and it’s members; generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
Prejudice
A generalized belief about a group of people; sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized
Stereotype
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and it’s members; the action
Discrimination
“Us”; people whom we share a common identity
In group
“Them”; those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
Out group
The tendency to favor our own group
Ingroup bias
The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Scapegoat theory
The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races
Other race effect
Overestimating the similarity of those within other groups
Outgroup homogeneity
Shade our view of certain groups based on one person’s actions
Vivid cases
The tendency for people to believe the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Just-world phenomenon
When given an outcome, the belief that it was easily predicted beforehand
Hindsight bias
Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
Aggression
Acts of aggression when stimulated
Amygdala
There is _____ frontal lobe activity in violent criminals
Reduced
______ levels of testosterone are linked to aggression! and _____ levels of serotonin are also linked to aggression
Increased; decreased
The principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression
Frustration-aggression principle
People believe that some women invite or enjoy sexual assault
Rape myth
Teach or release violence
Video games
The idea that we feel better if we “blow off steam” by venting our emotions
Catharsis hypothesis
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Mere-exposure effect
Matters to both men and women
Physical attractiveness
Continuing the relationship when the rewards are greater than the costs
Reward theory of attraction
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
Passionate love
The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Companionate love
A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
Equity
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Self-disclosure
Unselfish regard for the well being of others
Altruism
The more people present, the less responsibility there is
Diffusion of responsibility
The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Bystander effect
The theory that social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Social exchange theory
An expectation that people will,help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Reciprocity norm
An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
Social-responsibility norm
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
Conflict
A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Social trap
Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
Mirror-image perception
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Contact, cooperation, communication, and conciliation
To resolve conflict
Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
Superordinate goals
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction; a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
GRIT
Kitty Genovese
Kitty Genovese
