10- Personality

Question 1

the individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

what we are aware of

Answer 2

conscious

Question 3

outside of our awareness, but accessible

Answer 3

preconscious

Question 4

a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

Answer 4

unconscious

Question 5

information processing of which we are unaware

Answer 5

contemporary view of unconscious

Question 6

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to their mind no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Answer 6

free association

Question 7

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Answer 7

psychoanalysis

Question 8

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives

Answer 8

id

Question 9

demanding immediate gratification

Answer 9

pleasure principle

Question 10

the largely conscious “executive” part of personality that mediates among the demands of id, superego, and reality

Answer 10

ego

Question 11

satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Answer 11

reality principle

Question 12

the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations

Answer 12

superego

Question 13

the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Answer 13

psychosexual stages

Question 14

pleasure centers on the mouth

Answer 14

oral stage (0-18 months)

Question 15

pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Answer 15

anal stage (18-36 months)

Question 16

pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Answer 16

phallic stage (3-6 years)

Question 17

dormant sexual feelings

Answer 17

latency stage (6-puberty)

Question 18

maturation of sexual intents

Answer 18

genital stage (puberty on-)

Question 19

a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Answer 19

Oedipus complex

Question 20

the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

Answer 20

identification

Question 21

parallel to Oedipus complex but in girls

Answer 21

electra complex

Question 22

a pleasure sensitive area of the body

Answer 22

erogenous zone

Question 23

a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies of an easier psychosocial stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Answer 23

fixation

Question 24

the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Answer 24

defense mechanism

Question 25

the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Answer 25

repression

Question 26

mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage

Answer 26

regression

Question 27

mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Answer 27

reaction formation

Question 28

mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Answer 28

projection

Question 29

mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

Answer 29

rationalization

Question 30

mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulsed toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Answer 30

displacement

Question 31

mechanism by which people re-channeled their unacceptable impulses into socially approached activities

Answer 31

sublimation

Question 32

mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities

Answer 32

denial

Question 33

m

Answer 33

Adler

Question 34

a

Answer 34

Horney

Question 35

;

Answer 35

Jung

Question 36

a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history

Answer 36

collective unconscious

Question 37

childhood shapes personality and attachments; much of mental life is unconscious; struggle with inner conflicts among our wishes, fears, and values

Answer 37

psychodynamic theory

Question 38

a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Answer 38

projective test

Question 39

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Answer 39

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 40

most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Answer 40

Rorschach inkblot test

Question 41

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

Answer 41

terror-management theory

Question 42

one of the ultimate psychological needs that rises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved

Answer 42

self-actualization

Question 43

go beyond ordinary consciousness

Answer 43

peak experiences

Question 44

genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

Answer 44

sources of growth promoting climate

Question 45

an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Answer 45

unconditional positive regard

Question 46

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Answer 46

self-concept

Question 47

vague, subjective, individualistic, Western biased, naïve

Answer 47

criticisms to the humanistic perspective

Question 48

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act; description rather than explanation

Answer 48

trait

Question 49

Introversion vs extroversion Emotional stability vs instability Personality questionnaire

Answer 49

Eysenck and Eysenck

Question 50

Frontal love activity is _____ in extroverts and brain arousal is ____ in extroverts as well

Answer 50

Less; low

Question 51

Questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors

Answer 51

Personality inventory

Question 52

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify emotional disorders

Answer 52

Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Question 53

A test developed by testing a pool if items and then selecting those that discriminate groups

Answer 53

Empirically derived test

Question 54

Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extroversion

Answer 54

Big five factors

Question 55

Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context

Answer 55

Social-cognitive perspective

Question 56

Bandura's thought that the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Answer 56

Reciprocal determinism

Question 57

The extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

Answer 57

Personal control

Question 58

1- correlate people's feelings of control with their behaviors and achievements 2- experiment by raising or lowering people's sense of control

Answer 58

Ways to study personal control

Question 59

Perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

Answer 59

External locus of control

Question 60

The perception that you control your own fate

Answer 60

Internal locus of control

Question 61

The ability to control impulses and delay gratification

Answer 61

Self-control

Question 62

Experiencing no control over repeated bad events leads to feeling hopeless

Answer 62

Learned helplessness

Question 63

Having limitless experiences or choices brings information overload and a greater likelihood that we will feel regret over some of the unchosen options

Answer 63

Tyranny of choice

Question 64

The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Answer 64

Positive psychology

Question 65

Assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Answer 65

Self

Question 66

Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

Answer 66

Spotlight effect

Question 67

One's feelings of high or low self-worth

Answer 67

Self-esteem

Question 68

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Answer 68

Self-serving bias

Question 69

Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's idenity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Answer 69

Individualism

Question 70

Giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly

Answer 70

Collectivism