8A- Motivation Flashcards
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
motivation
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
instinct
the idea that physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
drive-reduction theory
a tendency to maintain a balance and or constant internal state
homeostasis
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
incentive
pyramid of humans needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that first must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
hierarchy of needs
needs that have meaning beyond oneself
self-transcendence needs
needs that help one reach their full potential
self-actualization needs
one of our most basic needs
hunger
studied contractions of the stomach, and found that contractions accompany feelings of hunger
Washburn study
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues; when its level is low, we feel hunger
glucose
increases in this diminish blood glucose
insulin
when active, makes us feel hungry by releasing orexin
lateral hypothalamus
a hunger-triggering hormone
orexin
when active, it depresses hunger; when removed, one becomes fat
ventromedial hypothalamus
a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach
ghrelin
a sister hormone to ghrelin, but the stomach secretes this that sends a fullness signal that suppresses hunger
obestatin
appetite-suppressant hormone secreted by the digestive tract
PYY
a protein that is secreted by fat cells and acts to diminish the rewarding pleasure of food
leptin
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
set point
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
basal metabolic rate
sweet and salty
genetic and universal taste preferences
dislike of things that are unfamiliar
neophobia
a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve; usually adolescent females
anorexia nervosa
characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-caloire foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
bulimia nervosa
significant binge eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise
binge-eating disorder
feast or famine existence, and storing fat for later use
historical explanations of obesity
having a body mass index of 30 or more
obesity
(weight in kg)/(height in meters)^2
BMI calculation
1 billion people are ______
overweight
300 million people are _____ _____
clinically obese
in the last 40 years in the US, the adult obesity ate has nearly _______, while child teen obesity has ______
doubled; quadrupled
increases risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain types of cancer
effects of obesity
in women, obesity _____ their risk of late-life Alzheimer’s and brain tissue loss
increases
slow, lazy and sloppy
stereotype of obesity
less sincere, meaner, more obnoxious and less happy
emotions of obese people
obese women make ______ than their thinner counterparts
less
discrimination based on weight is ______ than racism and sexism in some cases
greater
obesity is associated with ____ psychological well-being
lower
normal amount of these- 30-40 billion, but in obese people they have around 75 billion
fat cells
____ ____ re definitely part of body size
genetic factors
adoptive siblings body’s do not correlate; they resemble those of their _____ parents
biological
____ twins have a +.74 correlation between weights
identical
___ are a bigger part of obesity than environment
genes
leptin levels fall and ghrelin levels rise
sleep deprivation
if you have friends who are obese, you are morel likely to be obese
social influence
with realistic and moderate goals for loosing weight, you wont see ____ wight loss
drastic
sudden and drastic weight loss ____ ___
doesn’t last
a focus on ___ works better than a focus on appearance
health
went through arousal and were observed through the sexual response cycle: the goal was to help people overcome sexual arousal problems
William Masters and Virginia Johnson study
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson
sexual response cycle
genital areas become engorged with blood, vagina expands and secretes lubricant, breast and nipples may enlarge
excitement phase
excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase
plateau phase
muscle contractions all over the body; further increases in breathing pulse, and blood pressure rates
orgasm
returning to the unaroused state
resolution
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
refractory period
development of sexual characteristics, and activate sexual behavior
effects of hormones
sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics; in nonhuman female mammals, these levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
estrogen
most important of the male sex hormones; both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of males sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristic during puberty
testosterone
males and females seem to have __________ arousal when presented with the same external stimuli
about the same
dreams and sexual fantasies
imagined stimuli
ignorance, minimal communication about birth control, guilt related to sexual activity, alcohol use, and mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity
greater risks of teen pregnancy because of these things
lately, there has been ____ rates of infections
increased
2/3 of infections occur in people ___ 25
under
teenage ___ are especially vulnerable to STIs
girls
39.5% of sexually experienced 14-19 year old females had ____
STIs
high intelligence, religious engagement, father presence, and participation in service learning programs
these correlate with teen abstinence
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual) or the other sex (heterosexual)
sexual orientation
Some statistics says that 10% of people are ____: but others say that 3-4% of men and 1-2% of women are _____
homosexual; homosexual
a male is more likely to be gay if he has older brothers
Blanchard’s fraternal birth order effect
___ men and ____ women have larger right hemispheres
straight; lesbian
___ men and ___ women have similar sized hemispheres
gay; straight
____ appears to run in families
homosexuality
female identical twins are slightly ___ likely to share the same sexual orientation than male identical twins
less
a shared prenatal environment may be a factor in ______
sexual orientation
aides our survival, wanting to belong, sustaining relationships, and pain of ostracism
factors in our need to belong
social exclusion
ostracism
A desire for significant accomplishment
Achievement motivation
Had a devised schedule, with no more than 15 minutes of his day unplanned
Skinner
- choose tasks that allow for success
- still require skill and work
- keep persisting until success is achieved
People with a high need to succeed
This is filled by love and work
Healthy life
Attitude that work is necessary for making money
Job
Attitude that work is an opportunity to advance from one position to another
Career
The attitude towards work that it is fulfilling a socially useful activity
Calling
The experience between no work and a lot of work; marks immersion into work; people who experience this are driven by intrinsic rewards and love what they do
Flow
Applying psychological principles to the workplace
Industrial/organizational psychology
Studies the principles of selecting and evaluations workers
Personnel psychology
Studies how work environments and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity
Organizational psychology
Explores how machines and people interact and how they can be made safe and easy to use
Human factors psychology
He was not placed in the right work to vein with, but then was, and he became much happier
Matisse
Identifying people’s strengths and matching them to a particular area of work; the first step toward workplace effectiveness
Harnessing strengths
Idea that interviewers overrate their discernment
Interviewer illusion
Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated by an established scale
Structured interview
For employee retention, determining rewards/pay, and the encouragement of better performance
The purpose of structured interviews
You rate yourself, your manager, and your colleagues, and you will be rated by your manager, other colleagues, and customers
360-degree feedback
Look for ways to engage and motivate workers
Organizational psychologists
The extent of workers’ involvement, enthusiasm, and identification with their organizations
Employee engagement
Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
Social leadership
Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
Task leadership
