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Psychology > 8A- Motivation > Flashcards

8A- Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

A

motivation

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2
Q

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

A

instinct

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3
Q

the idea that physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

A

drive-reduction theory

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4
Q

a tendency to maintain a balance and or constant internal state

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

A

incentive

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6
Q

pyramid of humans needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that first must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

A

hierarchy of needs

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7
Q

needs that have meaning beyond oneself

A

self-transcendence needs

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8
Q

needs that help one reach their full potential

A

self-actualization needs

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9
Q

one of our most basic needs

A

hunger

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10
Q

studied contractions of the stomach, and found that contractions accompany feelings of hunger

A

Washburn study

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11
Q

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues; when its level is low, we feel hunger

A

glucose

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12
Q

increases in this diminish blood glucose

A

insulin

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13
Q

when active, makes us feel hungry by releasing orexin

A

lateral hypothalamus

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14
Q

a hunger-triggering hormone

A

orexin

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15
Q

when active, it depresses hunger; when removed, one becomes fat

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

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16
Q

a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

A

ghrelin

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17
Q

a sister hormone to ghrelin, but the stomach secretes this that sends a fullness signal that suppresses hunger

A

obestatin

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18
Q

appetite-suppressant hormone secreted by the digestive tract

A

PYY

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19
Q

a protein that is secreted by fat cells and acts to diminish the rewarding pleasure of food

A

leptin

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20
Q

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set

A

set point

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21
Q

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

A

basal metabolic rate

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22
Q

sweet and salty

A

genetic and universal taste preferences

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23
Q

dislike of things that are unfamiliar

A

neophobia

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24
Q

a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve; usually adolescent females

A

anorexia nervosa

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25
Q

characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-caloire foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

A

bulimia nervosa

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26
Q

significant binge eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise

A

binge-eating disorder

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27
Q

feast or famine existence, and storing fat for later use

A

historical explanations of obesity

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28
Q

having a body mass index of 30 or more

A

obesity

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29
Q

(weight in kg)/(height in meters)^2

A

BMI calculation

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30
Q

1 billion people are ______

A

overweight

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31
Q

300 million people are _____ _____

A

clinically obese

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32
Q

in the last 40 years in the US, the adult obesity ate has nearly _______, while child teen obesity has ______

A

doubled; quadrupled

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33
Q

increases risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain types of cancer

A

effects of obesity

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34
Q

in women, obesity _____ their risk of late-life Alzheimer’s and brain tissue loss

A

increases

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35
Q

slow, lazy and sloppy

A

stereotype of obesity

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36
Q

less sincere, meaner, more obnoxious and less happy

A

emotions of obese people

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37
Q

obese women make ______ than their thinner counterparts

A

less

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38
Q

discrimination based on weight is ______ than racism and sexism in some cases

A

greater

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39
Q

obesity is associated with ____ psychological well-being

A

lower

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40
Q

normal amount of these- 30-40 billion, but in obese people they have around 75 billion

A

fat cells

41
Q

____ ____ re definitely part of body size

A

genetic factors

42
Q

adoptive siblings body’s do not correlate; they resemble those of their _____ parents

A

biological

43
Q

____ twins have a +.74 correlation between weights

A

identical

44
Q

___ are a bigger part of obesity than environment

A

genes

45
Q

leptin levels fall and ghrelin levels rise

A

sleep deprivation

46
Q

if you have friends who are obese, you are morel likely to be obese

A

social influence

47
Q

with realistic and moderate goals for loosing weight, you wont see ____ wight loss

A

drastic

48
Q

sudden and drastic weight loss ____ ___

A

doesn’t last

49
Q

a focus on ___ works better than a focus on appearance

A

health

50
Q

went through arousal and were observed through the sexual response cycle: the goal was to help people overcome sexual arousal problems

A

William Masters and Virginia Johnson study

51
Q

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson

A

sexual response cycle

52
Q

genital areas become engorged with blood, vagina expands and secretes lubricant, breast and nipples may enlarge

A

excitement phase

53
Q

excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase

A

plateau phase

54
Q

muscle contractions all over the body; further increases in breathing pulse, and blood pressure rates

A

orgasm

55
Q

returning to the unaroused state

A

resolution

56
Q

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

A

refractory period

57
Q

development of sexual characteristics, and activate sexual behavior

A

effects of hormones

58
Q

sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics; in nonhuman female mammals, these levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

A

estrogen

59
Q

most important of the male sex hormones; both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of males sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristic during puberty

A

testosterone

60
Q

males and females seem to have __________ arousal when presented with the same external stimuli

A

about the same

61
Q

dreams and sexual fantasies

A

imagined stimuli

62
Q

ignorance, minimal communication about birth control, guilt related to sexual activity, alcohol use, and mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

A

greater risks of teen pregnancy because of these things

63
Q

lately, there has been ____ rates of infections

A

increased

64
Q

2/3 of infections occur in people ___ 25

A

under

65
Q

teenage ___ are especially vulnerable to STIs

A

girls

66
Q

39.5% of sexually experienced 14-19 year old females had ____

A

STIs

67
Q

high intelligence, religious engagement, father presence, and participation in service learning programs

A

these correlate with teen abstinence

68
Q

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual) or the other sex (heterosexual)

A

sexual orientation

69
Q

Some statistics says that 10% of people are ____: but others say that 3-4% of men and 1-2% of women are _____

A

homosexual; homosexual

70
Q

a male is more likely to be gay if he has older brothers

A

Blanchard’s fraternal birth order effect

71
Q

___ men and ____ women have larger right hemispheres

A

straight; lesbian

72
Q

___ men and ___ women have similar sized hemispheres

A

gay; straight

73
Q

____ appears to run in families

A

homosexuality

74
Q

female identical twins are slightly ___ likely to share the same sexual orientation than male identical twins

A

less

75
Q

a shared prenatal environment may be a factor in ______

A

sexual orientation

76
Q

aides our survival, wanting to belong, sustaining relationships, and pain of ostracism

A

factors in our need to belong

77
Q

social exclusion

A

ostracism

78
Q

A desire for significant accomplishment

A

Achievement motivation

79
Q

Had a devised schedule, with no more than 15 minutes of his day unplanned

A

Skinner

80
Q
  • choose tasks that allow for success
  • still require skill and work
  • keep persisting until success is achieved
A

People with a high need to succeed

81
Q

This is filled by love and work

A

Healthy life

82
Q

Attitude that work is necessary for making money

A

Job

83
Q

Attitude that work is an opportunity to advance from one position to another

A

Career

84
Q

The attitude towards work that it is fulfilling a socially useful activity

A

Calling

85
Q

The experience between no work and a lot of work; marks immersion into work; people who experience this are driven by intrinsic rewards and love what they do

A

Flow

86
Q

Applying psychological principles to the workplace

A

Industrial/organizational psychology

87
Q

Studies the principles of selecting and evaluations workers

A

Personnel psychology

88
Q

Studies how work environments and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity

A

Organizational psychology

89
Q

Explores how machines and people interact and how they can be made safe and easy to use

A

Human factors psychology

90
Q

He was not placed in the right work to vein with, but then was, and he became much happier

A

Matisse

91
Q

Identifying people’s strengths and matching them to a particular area of work; the first step toward workplace effectiveness

A

Harnessing strengths

92
Q

Idea that interviewers overrate their discernment

A

Interviewer illusion

93
Q

Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated by an established scale

A

Structured interview

94
Q

For employee retention, determining rewards/pay, and the encouragement of better performance

A

The purpose of structured interviews

95
Q

You rate yourself, your manager, and your colleagues, and you will be rated by your manager, other colleagues, and customers

A

360-degree feedback

96
Q

Look for ways to engage and motivate workers

A

Organizational psychologists

97
Q

The extent of workers’ involvement, enthusiasm, and identification with their organizations

A

Employee engagement

98
Q

Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

A

Social leadership

99
Q

Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals

A

Task leadership

Psychology (18 decks)

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