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Psychology > 4- Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

4- Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

A

sensation

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2
Q

process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

A

perception

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3
Q

analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

A

bottom-up processing

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4
Q

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on experience and expectations

A

top-down processing

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5
Q

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

A

selective attention

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6
Q

ability to attend to only one voice among many

A

cocktail party effect

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7
Q

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

inattentional blindness

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8
Q

failing to notice changes in the environment

A

change blindness

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9
Q

change deafness, choice blindness, choice-blindness blindness

A

types of blindness

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10
Q

demand our attention rather than us choosing to turn our attention towards it

A

popout

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11
Q

study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them

A

psychophysics

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12
Q

minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

A

absolute threshold

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13
Q

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise); detection depends on experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness; ratio of “hits” to “false alarms”

A

signal detection theory

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14
Q

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

A

subliminal

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15
Q

the activation,often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

A

priming

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16
Q

interrupts the brain’s processing before conscious perception; follows brief subliminal message

A

masking stimulus

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17
Q

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time (just noticeable difference (jnd))

A

difference threshold

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18
Q

the principle, that, to be perceived as different two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount)

A

Weber’s Law

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19
Q

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

A

sensory adaptation

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20
Q

conversion of one form of energy into another; stimulus energy into neural impulses

A

transduction

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21
Q

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next (determines the color we see) (determines the pitch we hear)

A

wavelength

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22
Q

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

A

hue (color)

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23
Q

the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude

A

intensity

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24
Q

protects the eye and bends light to provide focus

A

cornea

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25
Q

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

A

pupil

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26
Q

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

A

iris

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27
Q

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

A

lens

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28
Q

process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

A

accommodation

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29
Q

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

A

retina

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30
Q

central part of focus on the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

A

fovea

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31
Q

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don’t respond

A

rods

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32
Q

retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions; detect fine detail and color sensations

A

cones

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33
Q

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

A

optic nerve

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34
Q

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there

A

blind spot

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35
Q

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus

A

feature detectors

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36
Q

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision

A

parallel processing

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37
Q

step-by-step processing

A

serial processing

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38
Q

a localized area of blindness in part of the field of vision

A

blindsight

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39
Q

objects appear a certain color because they _____ the wavelengths of that color

A

rejects/reflects

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40
Q

the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

A

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory

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41
Q

staring at one color for a while, then looking at white and you see the opponent color

A

afterimage

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42
Q

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision

A

opponent-process theory

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43
Q

the sense or act of hearing

A

audition

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44
Q

determines the loudness of sound waves

A

strength/amplitude

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45
Q

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

A

frequency

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46
Q

a tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

A

pitch

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47
Q

channels sound waves through the auditory canal to the eardrum

A

outer ear

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48
Q

tight membrane that vibrates with the waves

A

eardrum

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49
Q

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

A

middle ear

50
Q

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

A

cochlea

51
Q

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

A

inner ear

52
Q

oval window, basilar membrane, hair cells, auditory nerve

A

other parts of the ear

53
Q

damage to hair cells

A

account for most hearing loss

54
Q

alerts us to possible hearing damage

A

ringing of the ears

55
Q

number of activated hair cells

A

perceive loudness

56
Q

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

A

place theory

57
Q

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

A

frequency theory

58
Q

neural cells can alternate firing

A

volley principle

59
Q

placement of our two ears allows us to enjoy stereophonic (“three-dimensional”) hearing

A

locating sounds

60
Q

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

A

conduction hearing loss

61
Q

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; nerve deafness

A

sensorineural hearing loss

62
Q

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

A

cochlear implant

63
Q

When someone touches a real hand and a fake hand, the person feels as though the seen fake hand is her own

A

Rubber-hand illusion

64
Q

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

A

Kinesthesis

65
Q

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

A

Vestibular sense

66
Q

Sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals

A

Nociceptors

67
Q

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

A

Gate-control theory

68
Q

Natural painkillers

A

Endorphins

69
Q

Phantom limb

A

Phantom limb

70
Q

Ringing-in-the-ears sensations

A

Tinnitus

71
Q

Indicates an energy source

A

Sweet taste

72
Q

Indicates sodium essential to physiological processes

A

Salty taste

73
Q

Indicates a potentially toxic acid

A

Sour taste

74
Q

Indicates a potential poison

A

Bitter taste

75
Q

Indicates proteins that help grow and repair tissue; meaty and savory

A

Unami taste

76
Q

The principle that one sense may influence another

A

Sensory interaction

77
Q

Smell+texture+taste= ?

A

Flavor

78
Q

In the picture you were seeing ga, hearing ba, so we perceive da

A

McGurk effect

79
Q

One sort of sensation produces another

A

Synesthesia

80
Q

Olfaction

A

Olfaction

81
Q

The only sense that bypasses the thalamus

A

Smell

82
Q

An organized whole; our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

A

Gestalt

83
Q

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

A

Figure-ground

84
Q

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli I to coherent groups

A

Grouping

85
Q

Group nearby figures together

A

Grouping by proximity

86
Q

Group similar figures together

A

Grouping by similarity

87
Q

See two lines, one wavy and one straight

A

Grouping by continuity

88
Q

See items that are connected as one single unit

A

Grouping by connectedness

89
Q

Filling gaps, to create a whole object

A

Grouping by closure

90
Q

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

A

Depth perception

91
Q

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

A

Visual cliff

92
Q

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of the two eyes

A

Binocular cues

93
Q

A binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance- the greater the distance between the two images, the closer the object

A

Retinal disparity

94
Q

How much our eyes, themselves, need to turn to focus on something; a key to depth perception

A

Convergence

95
Q

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

A

Monocular cues

96
Q

Our perceiving vertical dimensions as longer than identical horizontal dimensions

A

Horizontal-vertical

97
Q

Perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away

A

Relative height

98
Q

Objects that are the same size we’ll perceive the one that is a smaller image as farther away

A

Relative size

99
Q

If one object partially obstructs our view of another, we perceive the blocking image as closer

A

Interposition

100
Q

When parallel lines curved come together creating an illusion that they are farther away

A

Linear perspective

101
Q

Things in the distance appear to be moving with you

A

Relative motion

102
Q

Dark and light; helps perceive depth

A

Light and shadow

103
Q

Stroboscopic movement

A

Stroboscopic movement

104
Q

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights turn on and off in quick succession

A

Phi phenomenon

105
Q

When someone touches a real hand and a fake hand, the person feels as though the seen fake hand is her own

A

Rubber-hand illusion

106
Q

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

A

Kinesthesis

107
Q

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

A

Vestibular sense

108
Q

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

A

Perceptual constancy

109
Q

Perceiving the form of familiar objects as constant even while our retinal image changes

A

Shape constancy

110
Q

Perceiving objects as having a constant size even while our distance from them varies

A

Size constancy

111
Q

Perceiving an object as having a constant lightness even while it’s illumination varies

A

Lightness/brightness constancy

112
Q

The amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings

A

Relative luminance

113
Q

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

A

Color constancy

114
Q

Sensory restrictions on infant cats, monkeys, and humans suggest that there is a ________ for normal sensory and perceptual development

A

Critical period

115
Q

In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

A

Perceptual adaptation

116
Q

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

A

Perceptual set

117
Q

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

A

Extrasensory perception (ESP)

118
Q

The study of paranormal phenomena

A

Parapsychology

119
Q

Mind-to-mind communication

A

Telepathy

120
Q

Perceiving remote events

A

Clairvoyance

121
Q

Perceiving future events

A

Precognition

122
Q

Mind over matter; being able to levitate a table with one’s mind

A

Psychokinesis

Psychology (18 decks)

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