8.4 Flashcards
What is a codon?
A sequence of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA.
What is a anticodon?
A sequence of 3 nucleotides that are with the tRNA that bind to the mRNA while making proteins.
What is translation?
The process of translating the mRNA to make proteins.
What is a start codon?
A codon that signals the start of translation
What is a stop codon?
A codon that signals the end of translation
What is a positive transcription factor?
Activates translation
What is a negative transcription factor?
Stops translation
What is affinity?
The attraction of two things
What is a mutation?
a change in the base sequence of DNA
What does mRNA do in translation?
it is the code that the protein chain follows, shows which tRNA need to match up with the mRNA codons
What does rRNA do in translation?
rRNA reads the order of amino acids and links them together to form proteins.
What does tRNA do in translation?
Matches up with mRNA codons, helps to make the amino acid chain
What is point mutation?
A substitution of a single base
What is silent/synonymous mutation?
A base is changed but the amino acid is still the same
What is missense mutation?
The change causes a different amino acid to be made
What is nonsense mutation?
The change causes a stop codon to be made.
What is frameshaft mutation?
Insertions or deletions of base pairs
How is protein production affected by positive transcription factors?
They encourage transcription to start
How is protein production affected by negative transcription factors?
They stop transcription
How is protein production affected by affinity strength?
If the positive transcription factors and the mRNA have a strong affinity then translation will be more efficient, and the reverse is the same for negative transcription factors.
How to identify types of mutations?
Silent: One base is changed but same amino acid
Missense: One base is changed and different amino acid
Nonsense: One base is different and new codon is a stop codon
Frameshaft: extra or less base pairs, shifts reading frame
