8. Nature and Nurture of Language Development Flashcards

1
Q

Language ability appears in the first ____ years of life, across different l____ and c____

A

Three
Languages, cultures

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2
Q

We have an ____ ability for language ability

A

innate

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3
Q

We can gain language ability without the need of e____ instructions

A

Explicit

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4
Q

Early language skills are very important to children’s c____

A

Chances

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5
Q

The most widely used test by all speech pathologists is the C____ E____ of L____ F____:
Child’s understanding and u____ of language and compares this to their p____ of the same a____

A

Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals
use, peers, age

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6
Q

Nature = ____ factors
Nurture = ____ factors

A

Genetic
Environmental

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7
Q

What are three forms of evidence for the role of nature and nurture?
1. T____ studies
2. The KE family with members with l____ d____
3. G____ a____ studies

A
  1. Twin studies
  2. The KE family with members with language disability
  3. Genetic association studies
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8
Q

We can compare resemblance of MZ and DZ twins on a specific tr____ by looking at co____

A

Trait
Correlations

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9
Q

In twin studies, what do the following stand for??
1. A
2. C
3. E

A
  1. Heritability (proportion of variance in a population attributable to genetic differences between people)
  2. Common environment (degree to which siblings in a family are similar to one another, once their genetic similarity has been accounted for)
  3. Unique environment (degree to which siblings in a family are different from one another, once their genetic differences have been accounted for)
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10
Q

In twin studies of language ability, at age 2 heritability for vocab is ____%, ____% for grammar in boys and ____% for grammar in girls

A

26, 52, 43

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11
Q

What are five limitations of twin studies of language ability?
1. Large sa____ si____ required
2. Po____-based samples preferred, to avoid ov____ of MZ pairs
3. Difficult to id____ twins
4. Language ph____ are li____ and lacking in me____ interpretable for comparisons to si____ age peers
5. Possible tw____ effect

A
  1. Large sample sizes required
  2. Population-based samples preferred, to avoid overrepresentation of MZ pairs
  3. Difficult to identify twins
  4. Language phenotypes are limited and lacking in metrics interpretable for comparisons to singleton age peers
  5. Possible twinning effect (twins more likely to have delayed speech and language skills than singletons)
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12
Q

Behavioural phenotype: for every test of s____ and l____ that was administered, the group of affected family members was significantly i____ relative to the u____ group

A

speech, language
impaired relative to the unaffected group

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13
Q

Neural phenotype: Bilateral voxel-based morphometry analyses shows some of the regions in which affected KE family members have sig____ red____ gr____ ma____

A

significantly reduced grey matter

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14
Q

FOXP2 gene is the gene that is responsible for the s____ and l____ d____ in the KE family

A

the speech and language disorder in the KE family

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15
Q

A single mutation in the KE family leads to a loss of f____ of one copy of the FOXP2 gene, and the one copy that remains is i____ for normal brain d____, leading to the speech and language disorder

A

function, insufficient, development

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16
Q

Define monogenetic trait
Cause by a m____ in a s____ g____

A

Cause by a mutation in a single gene

17
Q

A comparison of the FOXP2 gene of humans, other primates and other placental mammals shows that FOXP2 is among the most highly conserved 5% of pr____, indicating it has a fu____ role in mammals

A

proteins, fundamental

18
Q

Genetic influences are not ____ - heritability language ability ____ during development

A

static
increases

19
Q

Multiple genetic factors of language development have been identified, suggesting language ability is a m____ trait

A

Multifactorial trait

20
Q

Genetic and environmental factors do not act in ____, but ____ to influence child language development

A

Isolation, co-act

21
Q

How do you calculate heritability?

A

Heritability = 2(rMZ - rDZ)