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YR2 Developmental Psychology > 4. Motor Development > Flashcards

4. Motor Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Motor development was previously believed to be an element of n____ m____

A

Neurological maturity

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2
Q

Most researchers now take a d____ s____ t____ (DST) approach

A

Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) approach

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3
Q

Define Dynamic

A

Change over time

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4
Q

Define system
Many e____ i____

A

Many elements interacting

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5
Q

Dynamic systems theory explains how b____ c____ over t____

A

How behaviour changes over time

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6
Q

What are six causes dynamic systems theory emphasises for motor development? (HOW)
1. Increases in s____ and w____
2. N____ mechanism
3. P____ control
4. B____
5. P____ skills
6. M____

A
  1. Increases in strength and weight
  2. Neural mechanism
  3. Posture control
  4. Balance
  5. Perceptual skills
  6. Motivation
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7
Q

Fill in the gaps about dynamic system theory
1. Most children arrive at m____
2. Children may arrive at m____ via different r____
3. The process depends more upon e____, c____ and l____ than was previously thought

A
  1. milestones
  2. milestones routes
  3. experimentation, curiosity, learning
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8
Q

Motor development is an o____ p____

A

Ongoing Process

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9
Q

Motor skills are divided into ____ categories

A

2

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10
Q

Give three examples of fine motor skills (smaller muscles)
1. G____
2. Object m____
3. D____

A
  1. Grasping (hand)
  2. Object manipulation
  3. Drawing
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11
Q

Give five examples of gross motor skills (large muscles)
1. S____
2. R____
3. C____
4. W____
5. R____

A
  1. Sitting
  2. Reaching (arm)
  3. Crawling
  4. Walking
  5. Running
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12
Q

Fill in the gaps about the stepping reflex
1. Co____ behaviour resembling wa____
2. Al____ leg movements
3. “disappears” around __ m____ of age

A
  1. Coordinated, walking
  2. Alternating
  3. 2 months
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13
Q

Why does the stepping reflex stop at age 2 months?

A

Rapid weight gain causes legs to get heavier faster than they get stronger

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14
Q

How do we know that the stepping reflex is not neurological maturity?
Because infants can do the same behaviour when l____ d____ (d____ g____ p____)

A

Because infants can do the same behaviour when laying down (distributed gravitational pull)

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15
Q

Sitting independently aids r____

A

Reaching

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16
Q

Sitting independently has a cascading effect on i____ p____

A

Infant perception

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17
Q

Sitting creates new opportunities for exploring. New opportunities for exploring shapes v____ p____

A

visual perception

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18
Q

Figure/ground assignment allows us to do what?
Identify objects from the b____
Understand d____ and p____ r____

A

Identify objects (figures) from the background
Understand depth and plan reaching

19
Q

Adults use what three things to determine figure/ground?
1. Sy____
2. Co____ (cu____)
3. Lo____ region

A

Symmetry
Convexity (curvature)
Lower region

20
Q

Infants need figure/ground segregation to guide what three things?
1. At____
2. Ey____ movements
3. Le____

A

Attention
Eye movements
Learning

21
Q

A signifiant preference in Ross-Sheehy et al 2016 figure/ground experiment indicates what?
S____ infants perceive s____ as a cue to figure/ground a____
S____ may be related to perceiving d____

A

Sitting infants perceive symmetry as a cue to figure/ground assignment
Sitting may be related to perceiving depth

22
Q

What is meant by reaching and grasping?
S____ out one or both h____ toward something to t____ or g____ it

A

Stretching out one or both hands toward something to touch or grasp it

23
Q

What are three things children must be able to do to reach?
1. Locate the g____
2. Have a stable b____
3. Control a____ e____
V____ timing = need all components to ‘a____’ into successful reach

A
  1. Locate the goal
  2. Have a stable base
  3. Control arm extension

Variable Timing - need all components to ‘assemble’ into successful reach

24
Q

Initial reaches are swiping movements. Reaching becomes stable after what?

A

Independent sitting
With increased experience, more signs of anticipation in grasping

25
Q

What results were found in sticky mittens experiments?
- After only __ week infants’ in the training group grasps and reached significantly ____ often than their peers
- Effect persists for __ months
- But Williams, Corbetta & Guam (2015) found non-sticky mittens had ____ performance

A
  • After only one week infants’ in the training group grasps and reached significantly more often than their peers
  • Effect persists for 12 months
  • But Williams, Corbetta & Guam (2015) found non-sticky mittens had higher performance
26
Q

Piaget created the “A-not-B” task to test 8-10mo infants’ representations. What is the “A-not-B” task?
- Hide toy at __, infant f____ (r____ ~ 6x)
- Hide toy at __, infants searches __, not __

A
  • Hide toy at A, infant finds (repeat ~6x)
  • Hide toy at B, infant searches A, not B
27
Q

Piaget reasoned infants do not have object permanence until what age?

A

Around 10 months

28
Q

Behaviour is the product of what three things?
This means A-not-B error is the result of what?
1. P____ h____
2. Just p____ p____
3. P____
- P____ a____ to A and p____ r____ to A

A

Past history
Just previous past
Present
Previous attention to A and practice reaching to A

29
Q

DST explanation includes what three things?
1. At____
2. Mo____ memory
3. Pr____

A

Attractors
Motor memory
Preservation

30
Q

What errors persists in the A-not-B task showing it can’t be because of object permanence?
1. There is no r____ on A
2. There are l____ d____ even in a____
3. If you change p____ between trials, erros are r____

A
  • There is no reaching on A
    – There are no objects (just wave lids)
    – Unmarked locations (sandbox) in 2-4yrs
  • There are long delays – even in adults
  • If you change posture between trials errors are reduced (less reliant on motor memory)
31
Q

At around what age do infants become capable to self-locomotion?

A

8 months

32
Q

Toddlers begin walking independently around what age?

A

13-14 months (toddling gait - unstable, this is where word toddler comes from!)

33
Q

What research findings support the fact motor skills are context dependent?
1. Knowledge does not t____ from c____ to w____
2. __% of children plunged down a____ slopes, but did become more cautious with e____
3. K____ is context dependent

A
  • Knowledge does not transfer from crawling to walking
  • 67% of children plunged down ALL slopes, but did become more cautious with experience
  • Knowledge is context dependent
34
Q

What is the importance of falling?
Falling (errors in b____ and m____ c____) may help us understand the role of e____ in e____ d____

A

Falling (errors in balance and motor control) may help us understand the role of errors in early development.

35
Q

After a fall, infants returned to play on average after how many seconds?

A

1.84s

36
Q

Impact of toddlers falling over is mitigated by what two things?
1. Small b____ size
2. 2. Infants’ quick r____ behaviours (e.g. b____ with h____)

A

1.Small body size
2. Infants’ quick reactive behaviours (e.g. bracing with hands)

37
Q

What were Han and Adolph (2020) four findings on the importance of falling?
1. Infants rarely fu____
2. Caregivers were rarely co____
3. Wa____ experience did not predict fu____, caregiver co____ or re____
4. Frequent, low-impact errors encourage fu____ pr____

A
  • Infants rarely fussed (4% of falls)
  • Caregivers were rarely concerned (8%)
  • Walking experience did not predict fussing, caregiver concern or recovery
  • Frequent, low-impact errors encourage further practice
38
Q

What age group has higher rates of pedestrian injuries than any other age group?

A

Children 5 - 14 years

39
Q

What was found in an experiment of crossing the road with friends?
P____ pose a r____ to road safety
Adolescents took r____ gaps with a f____ than a____
To compensate for short gaps, they e____ and c____ faster
When solo, f____ crossers were more r____
__yo first crossers riskier than adults

A

Peers pose a risk to road safety…
- Adolescents took riskier gaps with a friend than alone
- To compensate for short gaps, they entered and crossed faster
- When solo, first crossers were more risky
(and 12yo first crossers riskier than adults)

40
Q

Motor development depends on what three things?
1. Ex____
2. Cu____
3. Learning by ex____

A

Experimentation
Curiosity
Learning by experience

41
Q

Motor development is an ____ process

A

Ongoing

42
Q

Behaviour is the product of ne____ ti____

A

nested timescales

43
Q

Motor experience is related to l____

A

Language

44
Q

The effects of neglect in Romanian orphans were not u____
This shows development is a c____ i____ between e____ input and g____

A

Universal
Shows development is complex interplay between environmental input and genetics

YR2 Developmental Psychology (21 decks)

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