5. Intentional Communication

Question 1

Intentional Communication is communication that has a d____ topic. It is oriented to r____ or c____ objects or events.

Answer 1

Discernable (If something is discernible, you can see it or recognize that it exists)
Real or conceptual

Question 2

Pre-intentional is e____

Answer 2

Expressive (e.g. crying, laughing, babbling)

Question 3

Intentional is d____, or about s____

Answer 3

Denotative
Something
(words, pointing, reaching arms up to be picked up)

Question 4

What are two main categories of communication development in first year of life?
1. V____
2. M____ g____

Answer 4

1. Vocal
2. Manual Gestures

Question 5

What are two subcategories of communication development within vocal?
1. P____
–> non-speech vocal communication
–> speech and speech-like vocalisations
2. P____
–> phonemic discriminations

Answer 5

1. Production
   - Non-speech vocal communication
   - Speech and speech-like vocalisations
2. Perception
   - Phonemic discriminations

Question 6

What is meant by manual Gestures?
Production of i____ g____

Answer 6

Production of intentional gestures (pointing, begging, requests to be picked up)

Question 7

What are three theoretical perspectives on pointing?
1. N____
2. C____
3. S____ learning

Answer 7

1. Nativist (maturational, motivational)
2. Cognitive (computational, representational)
3. Social learning (operant)

Question 8

Fill in the gaps about Butterworth and Pointing (Nativist Theory)
Human ____-finger pointing is ____ based and ____ specific

Answer 8

Index
Biologically
Species

Question 9

Darwin (1872) said that opposite postures signal o____ e____

Answer 9

Opposite emotions

Question 10

Butterworth (2001) said that index-finger point is the p____l a____s of the p____ g____
Whole-hand point is the p____l a____s of the p____ g____

Answer 10

Postural antithesis
Pincer grip (precision)
Postural antithesis
Power grip (power)

Question 11

What are three critiques of the nativist view?
1. Depends upon r____ history
2. Pointing with whole hand is also w____ h____ b____
3. A____ also point with index fingers despite a____ differences

Answer 11

1. Depends upon rearing history
   (language-trained apes point overwhelmingly with their index finger)
2. Pointing with whole hand is also widespread human behaviour
3. Apes also point with index fingers despite anatomical differences

Question 12

Moore & Cork (1994) said “the infant may understand that the p____ will tend to lead to an adult h____ t____ and an interesting subsequent r____ from the adult”

Answer 12

Point
Head turn
Response

Question 13

Liszkowski et al (2004) found that in the conditions not involving joint attention, infants r____ their p____ more often, so they were p____ in their pointing behaviour hoping eventually to obtain the d____ response.

Answer 13

Repeated
Point
Persisting
Desired

Question 14

Babies (__-__months) express p____ emotion during joint object play with their m____

Answer 14

9-18 months
Positive
Mothers

Question 15

Babies (__-__months) express more p____ emotion during joint attention than when r____ objects

Answer 15

20-22 months
Positive
Requesting

Question 16

Babies’ (__-__ months) parents s____ their own s____ with their own p____ gestures when they point for their babies

Answer 16

6-18 months
synchronise
Smiles
Pointing

Question 17

What does protoimperative mean?
P____ to r____

Answer 17

Pointing to request

Question 18

Pointing is the first r____ gesture that babies display

Answer 18

Referential

Question 19

What does protodeclarative mean?
P____ to c____

Answer 19

Pointing to comment

Question 20

Language acquisition uses d____ general skills

Answer 20

Domain

Question 21

Moore & Cork (1994) Lean Interpretation said the goal, reinforcer and cognitive prerequisites of protodeclaratives are?
Goal = a____ r____ from caregiver
Reinforcer = e____ s____
Cognitive prerequesites = e____ that s____ partner will exhibit p____ emotion, based on p____ e____ - m____-e____ r____

Answer 21

Goal = affective response from caregiver
Reinforcer = emotional signal
Cognitive prerequisites = expectation that social partner will exhibit positive emotion, based on past experience, means-ends reasoning

Question 22

Tomasello (1995) Rich Interpretation said the goal, reinforcer and cognitive prerequisites of protodeclaratives are what?
Goal = Joint a____ to d____ object
Reinforcer = s____ joint attention
CP = ability to r____ others as beings with a____ f____

Answer 22

Goal = Joint attention to distal object (Distal Objects - These are things that exist in the environment and emit signals that are available to be perceived)
Reinforcer = successful joint attention
CP = ability to represent others as beings with attentional foci