5. Intentional Communication

Question 1

Intentional Communication is communication that has a ____ topic. It is oriented to ____ or ____ objects or events.

Answer 1

Discernable
Real or conceptual

Question 2

Pre-intentional is…

Answer 2

Expressive (e.g. crying, laughing, babbling)

Question 3

Intentional is ____, or about ____

Answer 3

Denotative
Something
(words, pointing, reaching arms up to be picked up)

Question 4

What are two main categories of communication development in first year of life?

Answer 4

1. Vocal
2. Manual Gestures

Question 5

What are two subcategories of communication development within vocal?

Answer 5

1. Production
   - Non-speech vocal communication
   - Speech and speech-like vocalisations
2. Perception
   - Phonemic discriminations

Question 6

What is meant by manual Gestures?

Answer 6

Production of intentional gestures (pointing, begging, requests to be picked up)

Question 7

What are three theoretical perspectives on pointing?

Answer 7

1. Nativist (maturational, motivational)
2. Cognitive (computational, representational)
3. Social learning (operant)

Question 8

Fill in the gaps about Butterworth and Pointing (Nativist Theory)
Human ____-finger pointing is ____ based and ____ specific

Answer 8

Index
Biologically
Species

Question 9

Darwin (1872) said that opposite postures signal what?

Answer 9

Opposite emotions

Question 10

Butterworth (2001) said that index-finger point is the ____ ____ of the ____ ____
Whole-hand point is the ____ ____ of the ____ ____

Answer 10

Postural antithesis
Pincer grip (precision)
Postural antithesis
Power grip (power)

Question 11

What are three critiques of the nativist view?

Answer 11

1. Depends upon rearing history
   (language-trained apes point overwhelmingly with their index finger)
2. Pointing with whole hand is also widespread human behaviour
3. Apes also point with index fingers despite anatomical differences

Question 12

Moore & Cork (1994) said “the infant may understand that the ____ will tend to lead to an adult ____ ____ and an interesting subsequent ____ from the adult”

Answer 12

Point
Head turn
Response

Question 13

Liszkowski et al (2004) found that in the conditions not involving joint attention, infants ____ their ____ more often… so they were ____ in their pointing behaviour hoping eventually to obtain the ____ response.

Answer 13

Repeated
Point
Persisting
Desired

Question 14

Babies (__-__months) express ____ emotion during joint object play with their ____

Answer 14

9-18 months
Positive
Mothers

Question 15

Babies (__-__months) express more ____ emotion during joint attention than when ____ objects

Answer 15

20-22 months
Positive
Requesting

Question 16

Babies’ (__-__ months) parents ____ their own ____ with their own ____ gestures when they point for their babies

Answer 16

6-18 months
synchronise
Smiles
Pointing

Question 17

What does protoimperative mean?

Answer 17

Pointing to request

Question 18

Pointing is the first ____ gesture that babies display

Answer 18

Referential

Question 19

What does protodeclarative mean?

Answer 19

Pointing to comment

Question 20

Language acquisition uses ____ general skills

Answer 20

Domain

Question 21

Moore & Cork (1994) Lean Interpretation said the goal, reinforcer and cognitive prerequisites of protodeclaratives are?

Answer 21

Goal = affective response from caregiver
Reinforcer = emotional signal
Cognitive prerequisites = expectation that social partner will exhibit positive emotion, based on past experience, means-ends reasoning

Question 22

Tomasello (1995) Rich Interpretation said the goal, reinforcer and cognitive prerequisites of protodeclaratives are what?

Answer 22

Goal = Joint attention to distal object
Reinforcer = successful joint attention
CP = ability to represent others as beings with attentional foci