7. Language Acquisition 2 Flashcards
There are arguably ____ possible meanings for new words
Infinite
What is meant by fast mapping (Carey, 1978)?
Ability to qu____ li____ (map) a no____ name to a no____ object, typically by ap____ known info
Ability to quickly link (map) a novel name to a novel object, typically by applying known info
In an experiment into fast mapping, 13 out of 14 children brought the olive green tray. One week later, __ out of 13 children chose green.
9 out of 13
Word learning is the product of what three things?
1. What the child is s____/d____ n____
2. What the child j____ d____
3. The child’s d____ h____
- What the child is seeing/doing now
- What the child just did
- The child’s developmental history
Its easier to p____ to something than to say a new word
Point
It’s harder to choose a known object in an unfamiliar c____
Colour
It’s easier to choose the correct object if no____ el____ was na____
Nothing else was named
It’s harder to learn words from books with more i____
Illustrations
It’s easier to remember object names if you were exposed to several e____ from the c____
Examples, category
It’s harder to do well if the e____ changes
Experimenter
A study into recall and retention found that…
1. Children who heard the s____ stories learned words significantly better than children in the d____ stories condition
2. Children who hear s____ stories also r____ words significantly better
- same, different
- The same, retained
Repetition helps as we know what to ex____. Means we can focus on fi____ de____ on repeated readings
Expect
Finer details
Canonical babbling is a st____ of ad____-like co____-vo____ sequences
String of adult-like consonant-vowel sequences
Onset of canonical babbling predicts o____ of f____ w____
Onset of first words
Children who begin babbling later have smaller p____ v____ relative to their p____
Productive vocabularies relative to their peers
During children’s 18-20month old vocabulary explosion, children may say about ____ new words a week
What is this “sudden increase” due to?
Learning m____ words at the same time, some words are more d____ than others and take l____ to learn
20
Learning multiple words at the same time, some words are more difficult than others and take longer to learn
Children start speaking their first sentences at around ____
24 mo
Children begin showing signs of syntax with “t____ s____’
Telegraphic speech
(syntax = the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language)
What is meant by telegraphic speech?
S____ sentences
Usually __ words (noun + n____/ noun + v____)
No f____ words
Simple sentences
Usually two words (noun + noun/ noun + verb)
No function words
Late talkers learn ___ words a week
3-5
Late talkers are children in the bottom __th percentile for language
15
At 24 mo, late talkers say fewer than __ words and/or do not c____ words
50
Combine
__ children per reception class have clinically significant language delays, often undiagnosed
2
Weaker language skills put children at risk of what four things?
1. Poor s____ abilites
2. Poor s____-r____
3. V____
4. Poor s____-e____
- Poor social abilities
- Self-regulation
- Victimisation
- Poor self-esteem
Define overextension
What age does this typically occur between?
E____ a k____ word to something beyond c____ v____
Between __-__ mo
Extend a known word to something beyond current vocabulary
Between 12-30 mo
What are the three types of over-extensions children make?
1. Ca____ relation (taxonomy)
2. An____ relation (perception)
3. Pr____-ba____ relation (co-occurence)
- Categorical relation (taxonomy)
- Analogical relation (perception)
- Predicate-based relation (co-occurence)
Define syntax
How words g____ t____ in s____
How words go together in sentences
Define morphology
How to change w____ to change m____
How to change words to change meanings (e.g. panda to pandas)
Grammar usage requires children to represent something a____ about words
Abstract
English-learning children show a U-s____ trend in past-tense morphology
U-shaped
Regularisation occurs because it is the most co____/ab____ pattern
Common/abstract
(Regularisation occurs when the output a learner produces is less variable than the linguistic data they observed)
Language is a sy____ of ru____ with pa____
System
Rules
Patterns
Language proficiency is the product of ne____ ti____
Nested timescales
