20. Adolescence 1

Question 1

Define adolescence
“G____ u____” period between c____ and m____ from approx ages __-__ (WHO)

Answer 1

“Growing up” period between childhood and maturity from approximately ages 10-19 (WHO)

Question 2

What are four major tasks of adolescence?
1. Adjust to changing b____ s____ and s____
2. Come to terms with s____
3. Adjust to new ways of t____
4. Strive for e____ m____ and e____ i____ of adulthood

Answer 2

1. Adjust to changing body size and shape
2. Come to terms withy sexuality
3. Adjust to new ways of thinking
4. Strive for emotional maturity and economic independence of adulthood

Question 3

Age of puberty has declined dramatically over the last few hundred years (E.g., Norway – 1840: mean age of menarche 17; today: 13). Why is this?
Increase s____ of l____, particularly n____, h____, h____ and body m____

Answer 3

Causes: increased standard of living, particularly nutrition, health, heredity and body mass.

Question 4

There is a __ year range for the onset of puberty

Answer 4

7

Question 5

The full process of puberty lasts about __ years

Answer 5

4

Question 6

Puberty begins __-__ years earlier for girls than boys

Answer 6

2-3

Question 7

Includes an average growth spurt of __ inches and __ lbs

Answer 7

10 inches
40 lbs (almost 3 stone)

Question 8

Puberty involves marked changes in h____ (t____ and e____) levels

Answer 8

hormone
testosterone, estradiol

Question 9

What is estradiol?

Answer 9

One of three oestrogen hormones naturally produced in the body. Involved in menstruation

Question 10

People are least satisfied with what during puberty?

Answer 10

Body image (girls less satisfied than body)

Question 11

Increased hormone levels are related to changes in mood in puberty. What are these changes in mood in males and females?
Males - increased a____ and i____
Females - increased a____ and d____

Answer 11

Males - increased anger and irritability
Females - increased anger and depression

Question 12

What are three hypotheses of pubertal timing?
1. S____ c____ hypothesis - i____ stress of pubertal change will cause distress during the period of most r____ change
2. O____ t____ hypothesis - events envountered e____ or l____ than expected will cause a____ distress
3. E____t____ hypothesis - e____ m____ may cause i____ m____ demands from others, causing stress

Answer 12

1. Stressful change hypothesis - intrinsic stress of pubertal change will cause distress during the period of most rapid change
2. Off time hypothesis - events encountered earlier or later than expected will cause additional distress
3. Early-timing hypothesis - early maturation may cause inappropriate maturity demands from others, causing distress

Question 13

Gender differences in d____ emerge during the age of puberty

Answer 13

depression

Question 14

Girls are how many times more likely to experience depression in adolescence than boys?

Answer 14

Twice as likely

Question 15

Stumper & Alloy (2021) found an association between more advanced p____ s____ and increased r____ for d____
This relationship appears to be mediated by what three things?
1. Changing h____ levels
2. P____ about b____ changes
3. S____ e____ stressors

Answer 15

Pubertal stage
Risk for depression
Changing hormone levels, perceptions about body changes, shared environment stressors

Question 16

There are two competing theories of parent-child relationships in adolescence. What is the main idea of them both?
1. Adolescents i____ from their parents, becoming more e____ and b____ i____
2. The parent-child relationship c____ over adolescence, leading to p____ i____ with c____ c____

Answer 16

1. Adolescents individuate from their parents (Freud, 1946), becoming more emotionally and behaviourally independent (Steinberg & Silverberg, 1986).
2. The parent-child relationship changes over adolescence, leading to psychological independence with continued connectedness (Youniss & Smollar, 1985; Grotevant & Cooper, 1986).

Question 17

Larson et al (1996) found total time with family is about __% in 5th grade and below __% in 12th grade.
When broken down, time spent one-on-one with mothers and fathers r____ c____
Time spent with s____ only , the f____ g____ and e____ f____ all decrease

Answer 17

33%, 15%
remains constant
siblings only, the family group and extended family

Question 18

Gardner et al (2012) found between 1986 and 2006, more parents m____ their adolescents c____, and more parents had high expectations of their children’s b____

Answer 18

monitored their adolescents closely
their children’s behaviour

Question 19

Psychological control and harsh control from parents was associated with higher levels of ….
Higher levels of patently warmth was associated with lower levels of …
Association found between anxiety and family d____ and o____

Answer 19

anxiety
anxiety
family dysfunction and overprotection

Question 20

Higher levels of p____ w____, b____ c____, and a____ were associated with lower levels of depression
P____ control and h____ control associated with higher levels of depression
N____ and a____ parenting styles were associated with higher levels of depression
A____ parenting style associated with less depression

Answer 20

parental warmth, behavioural control, autonomy
Psychological, harsh
Neglectful, authoritarian
Authoritative