20. Adolescence 1

Question 1

Define adolescence

Answer 1

“Growing up” period between childhood and maturity from approximately ages 10-19 (WHO)

Question 2

What are four major tasks of adolescence?

Answer 2

1. Adjust to changing body size and shape
2. Come to terms withy sexuality
3. Adjust to new ways of thinking
4. Strive for emotional maturity and economic independence of adulthood

Question 3

Age of puberty has declined dramatically over the last few hundred years (E.g., Norway – 1840: mean age of menarche 17; today: 13). Why is this?

Answer 3

Causes: increased standard of living, particularly nutrition, health, heredity and body mass.

Question 4

There is a __ year range for the onset of puberty

Answer 4

7

Question 5

The full process of puberty lasts about __ years

Answer 5

4

Question 6

Puberty begins __-__ years earlier for girls than boys

Answer 6

2-3

Question 7

Includes an average growth spurt of __ inches and __ lbs

Answer 7

10 inches
40 lbs (almost 3 stone)

Question 8

Puberty involves marked changes in h____ (t____ and e____) levels

Answer 8

hormone
testosterone, estradiol

Question 9

What is estradiol?

Answer 9

One of three oestrogen hormones naturally produced in the body. Involved in menstruation

Question 10

People are least satisfied with what during puberty?

Answer 10

Body image (girls less satisfied than body)

Question 11

Increased hormone levels are related to changes in mood in puberty. What are these changes in mood in males and females?

Answer 11

Males - increased anger and irritability
Females - increased anger and depression

Question 12

What are three hypotheses of pubertal timing and what do they state?

Answer 12

1. Stressful change hypothesis - intrinsic stress of pubertal change will cause distress during the period of most rapid change
2. Off time hypothesis - events encountered earlier or later than expected will cause additional distress
3. Early-timing hypothesis - early maturation may cause inappropriate maturity demands from others, causing distress

Question 13

Gender differences in d____ emerge during the age of puberty

Answer 13

depression

Question 14

Girls are how many times more likely to experience depression in adolescence than boys?

Answer 14

Twice as likely

Question 15

Stumper & Alloy (2021) found an association between more advanced …. and increased …
This relationship appears to be mediated by what three things?

Answer 15

Pubertal stage
Risk for depression
Changing hormone levels, perceptions about body changes, shared environment stressors

Question 16

There are two competing theories of parent-child relationships in adolescence. What is the main idea of them both?

Answer 16

1. Adolescents individuate from their parents (Freud, 1946), becoming more emotionally and behaviourally independent (Steinberg & Silverberg, 1986).
2. The parent-child relationship changes over adolescence, leading to psychological independence with continued connectedness (Youniss & Smollar, 1985; Grotevant & Cooper, 1986).

Question 17

Larson et al (1996) found total time with family is about __% in 5th grade and below __% in 12th grade.
When broken down, time spent one-on-one with mothers and fathers…
Time spent with ____, ____ and ____ all decrease

Answer 17

33%, 15%
remains constant
siblings only, the family group and extended family

Question 18

Gardner et al (2012) found between 1986 and 2006, more parents …., and more parents had high expectations of….

Answer 18

monitored their adolescents closely
their children’s behaviour

Question 19

Psychological control and harsh control from parents was associated with higher levels of ….
Higher levels of patently warmth was associated with lower levels of …
Association found between anxiety and …

Answer 19

anxiety
anxiety
family dysfunction and overprotection

Question 20

Higher levels of parental warmth, behavioural control, and autonomy were associated with lower levels of ….
Psychological control and harsh control associated with higher levels of ….
Neglectful and authoritarian parenting styles were associated with higher levels of ….
Authoritative parenting style associated with less ….

Answer 20

depression
depression
depression
depression