21. Adolescence 2

Question 1

Puberty plays a part in provoking i____ d____ during adolescence

Answer 1

Identity development

Question 2

Advances in cognitive development allow adolescents the opportunity for s____-r____

Answer 2

Self-reflection

Question 3

Self-efficacy (as defined by Merikangas et al. 2009) refers to a person’s j____ of their c____ to o____ and e____ courses of a____ required to attain designated types of p____

Answer 3

judgements, capabilities, organise, execute, action, performances

Question 4

Self-esteem (as defined by Liebert et al. 1990) refers t an individuals’s c____ in their w____ or a____

Answer 4

Confidence, worth, abilities

Question 5

Self-concept (as defined by Liebert et al. 1990) refers to a view constructed of o____, which is developed through e____ and e____ adopted from o____

Answer 5

oneself, experiences, evaluations, others

Question 6

Self-evaluation (as defined by Orchard et al. 2021) refers to the p____ and b____ that a person holds about t____, specifically the e____-v____ qualities, c____ and t____ (both p____ and n____) and the person’s j____ of the v____ of these attributes

Answer 6

perceptions, beliefs, themselves, emotionally-valenced, characteristics, traits, positive, negative, judgement, value

Question 7

James (1892) said that high self-esteem results from good p____ in domains deemed i____. Empirical work demonstrates this for i____ as well as g____

Answer 7

performance, important
individuals, groups

Question 8

Cooley (1902) said l____-g____ s____-o____ of others are a large determinant of self-esteem

Answer 8

looking-glass self-opinions

Question 9

The additive model is supported by data from o____ c____ and a____

Answer 9

older children and adolescents

Question 10

According to Carter (1999) the development of self-concept involves:
1. Shift from c____ to a____ self-portraits
2. Shift from social c____ and n____ standards during childhood to i____ standards in later adolescence
3. Shift towards d____ of self into multiple d____
4. Final task = i____ of multiple selves into u____ self-concept

Answer 10

1. concrete, abstract
2. comparisons, normative, internalised
3. differentiation, domains
4. integration, unified

Question 11

Erik Erikson departed from F____ teachings by emphasising s____ factors in development. He contributed the theory of p____ development across the l____-s____ which involves __ stages, each with a specific “c____” to resolve

Answer 11

Freud’s, societal
psychosocial, life-span
8, “crisis”

Question 12

Erikson’s psychosocial stages said in adolescence the “crisis” is i____, defined as “c____ in one’s inner c____ amid c____”. Men must achieve a s____ identity prior to i____, whereas women’s identity is defined through her i____ roles of w____ and m____ (bollocks mate)

Answer 12

identity, confidence, continuity
stable, intimacy, intimate, wife, mother

Question 13

What are Marcia’s four identity statuses?
1. Crisis + commitment
2. Crisis + no commitment
3. No crisis + commitment
4. No crisis + no commitment

Answer 13

1. Achievement
2. Moratorium
3. Foreclosure
4. Diffusion

Question 14

What are the following defined as by Marcia?
Achievement
Moratorium
Foreclosure
Diffusion

Answer 14

A - individuals who after a period of exploration emerge with firm identity commitments
M - the active period of exploration when individuals examine alternatives in an attempt to arrive at a choice
F - individuals have adopted identities prescribed by parents or other authority figures without ever exploring options or experiencing an identity crisis
D - individuals who have little sense of commitment and are not actively seeking to make decisions

Question 15

Identity status development continues well into …

Answer 15

adulthood

Question 16

With regard to parental influences on identity, what statuses do the following lead to?
1. Attachment with freedom to voice opinions
2. Overly close bonds without separation
3. Low warmth with open communication

Answer 16

1. Achievement or moratorium
2. Foreclosure
3. Diffusion

Question 17

There is a strong relationship between e____ d____ and n____ s____-c____

Answer 17

Emotional disorders, negative self-concepts

Question 18

Problems with se;-perceptions are reflected in diagnostic criteria for a____ and d____

Answer 18

anxiety and depression
Worthlessness and guilt (depression).
Fear of negative evaluation from others (social anxiety).

Question 19

Positive self-concepts function as a p____ factor in the development of e____ d____, as these individuals are more r____ to life’s s____

Answer 19

protective, emotional disorders, resilient, stressors

Question 20

In a study in 2022 on 12-16 yr old Spanish adolescents, those with social anxiety were more likely to perceive relation ships with peers as more …
They also considered themselves to be less a____, less a____ and more e____ u____

Answer 20

negative
attractive, athletic, emotionally unstable

Question 21

Orchard and Reynolds (2018) found ratings of s____-p____ were as good at identifying presence of d____ diagnosis as a d_____ s____ q____

Answer 21

self-perceptions, depression, depression symptom questionnaire

Question 22

Negative beliefs about self consistently linked with c____ p____

Answer 22

chronic psychosis

Question 23

Females have significantly more negative what than males?

Answer 23

Negative self-concepts