21. Adolescence 2 Flashcards
Puberty plays a part in provoking i____ d____ during adolescence
Identity development
Advances in cognitive development allow adolescents the opportunity for s____-r____
Self-reflection
Self-efficacy (as defined by Merikangas et al. 2009) refers to a person’s j____ of their c____ to o____ and e____ courses of a____ required to attain designated types of p____
judgements, capabilities, organise, execute, action, performances
Self-esteem (as defined by Liebert et al. 1990) refers t an individuals’s c____ in their w____ or a____
Confidence, worth, abilities
Self-concept (as defined by Liebert et al. 1990) refers to a view constructed of o____, which is developed through e____ and e____ adopted from o____
oneself, experiences, evaluations, others
Self-evaluation (as defined by Orchard et al. 2021) refers to the p____ and b____ that a person holds about t____, specifically the e____-v____ qualities, c____ and t____ (both p____ and n____) and the person’s j____ of the v____ of these attributes
perceptions, beliefs, themselves, emotionally-valenced, characteristics, traits, positive, negative, judgement, value
James (1892) said that high self-esteem results from good p____ in domains deemed i____. Empirical work demonstrates this for i____ as well as g____
performance, important
individuals, groups
Cooley (1902) said l____-g____ s____-o____ of others are a large determinant of self-esteem
looking-glass self-opinions
The additive model is supported by data from o____ c____ and a____
older children and adolescents
According to Carter (1999) the development of self-concept involves:
1. Shift from c____ to a____ self-portraits
2. Shift from social c____ and n____ standards during childhood to i____ standards in later adolescence
3. Shift towards d____ of self into multiple d____
4. Final task = i____ of multiple selves into u____ self-concept
- concrete, abstract
- comparisons, normative, internalised
- differentiation, domains
- integration, unified
Erik Erikson departed from F____ teachings by emphasising s____ factors in development. He contributed the theory of p____ development across the l____-s____ which involves __ stages, each with a specific “c____” to resolve
Freud’s, societal
psychosocial, life-span
8, “crisis”
Erikson’s psychosocial stages said in adolescence the “crisis” is i____, defined as “c____ in one’s inner c____ amid c____”. Men must achieve a s____ identity prior to i____, whereas women’s identity is defined through her i____ roles of w____ and m____ (bollocks mate)
identity, confidence, continuity, change
stable, intimacy, intimate, wife, mother
What are Marcia’s four identity statuses?
1. Crisis + commitment = a____
2. Crisis + no commitment = m____
3. No crisis + commitment = f____
4. No crisis + no commitment = d____
- Achievement
- Moratorium
- Foreclosure
- Diffusion
What are the following defined as by Marcia?
Achievement = after exploration emerge with f____ i____ c____
Moratorium = the a____ period of exploration when individuals examine a____ in an attempt to arrive at a c____
Foreclosure = individuals have adopted identities p____ by p____ or other a____ figures without exploring o____ or experiencing an i____ c____
Diffusion = individuals who have little sense of c____ and are not a____ s____ to make d____
A - individuals who after a period of exploration emerge with firm identity commitments
M - the active period of exploration when individuals examine alternatives in an attempt to arrive at a choice
F - individuals have adopted identities prescribed by parents or other authority figures without ever exploring options or experiencing an identity crisis
D - individuals who have little sense of commitment and are not actively seeking to make decisions
Identity status development continues well into …
adulthood
With regard to parental influences on identity, what statuses do the following lead to?
1. Attachment with freedom to voice opinions
2. Overly close bonds without separation
3. Low warmth with open communication
- Achievement or moratorium
- Foreclosure
- Diffusion
There is a strong relationship between e____ d____ and n____ s____-c____
Emotional disorders, negative self-concepts
Problems with self-perceptions are reflected in diagnostic criteria for a____ and d____
D = w____ and g____
A = f____ of n____ e____ from o____
anxiety and depression
Worthlessness and guilt (depression).
Fear of negative evaluation from others (social anxiety).
Positive self-concepts function as a p____ factor in the development of e____ d____, as these individuals are more r____ to life’s s____
protective, emotional disorders, resilient, stressors
In a study in 2022 on 12-16 yr old Spanish adolescents, those with social anxiety were more likely to perceive relation ships with peers as more n____
They also considered themselves to be less a____, less a____ and more e____ u____
negative
attractive, athletic, emotionally unstable
Orchard and Reynolds (2018) found ratings of s____-p____ were as good at identifying presence of d____ diagnosis as a d_____ s____ q____
self-perceptions, depression, depression symptom questionnaire
Negative beliefs about self consistently linked with ch____ ps____
chronic psychosis
Females have significantly more negative s____-c____ than males
Negative self-concepts
