2. Prenatal development

Question 1

When was the microscope invented?

Answer 1

1590s

Question 2

When was Nicolaas Hartsoeker’s preformation theory of development developed?

Answer 2

1695

Question 3

In the 19th century, improvements in ____ demonstrated that ____ development didn’t involve ____ processes of growth but also substantial ____

Answer 3

Optics
Embryonic
Simple
Differentiation

Question 4

Define scala naturae

Answer 4

Great chain of being
Species are fixed and arranged hierarchically

Question 5

What are the three stages of prenatal (antenatal) development?

Answer 5

1. The Germinal Period (from conception to implantation)
2. The Period of the Embryo (implantation to ~ 2 months)
3. The Period of the Fetus (2 months to birth)

Question 6

After how many weeks does cell differentiation take place?

Answer 6

At two weeks

Question 7

When does the period of embryo start?

Answer 7

At three weeks

Question 8

What three things develop during the period of the foetus at 4 months?

Answer 8

1. Touch
2. Hearing 250-500Hz
3. Movement

Question 9

What are three examples of genetic variations from typical development?

Answer 9

1. Cystic fibrosis
2. Sickle-cell anaemia
3. Various chromosomal disorders

Question 10

What are four environmental toxins that can cause variations from typical development?

Answer 10

1. Thalidomide
2. Alcohol
3. Radiation
4. Pesticides

Question 11

What is one nutritional factor that can cause variations from typical development?

Answer 11

Folic acid

Question 12

What are the four phases of mitosis?

Answer 12

1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

Question 13

What is the term for having fewer or more than the usual number of chromosomes?

Answer 13

Aneuploidy

Question 14

Down syndrome karyotype, Edwards syndrome karyotype and pat syndrome karyotype are three classes of aneuploidy. What problems are they all associated with?

Answer 14

Significant developmental problems in various organ systems
Learning difficulties

Question 15

What happened in the “Thalidomide Tragedy”?

Answer 15

Developed in 1954 to treat headaches, insomnia, and morning sickness by CIBA pharmaceutical company.
By 1961, approximately 20,000 children in 46 different countries were born with severely misshapen limbs.

Question 16

What can Stem cells become?

Answer 16

Any type of cell… they are not yet differentiated

Question 17

What occurs during the germinal period?

Answer 17

Fertilised egg makes its way down the fallopian tube and becomes implanted in the womb at about 2 weeks

Question 18

The period of the embryo is when all the what of the human body are formed?

Answer 18

Main features…
E.g. brain, heart, eyes, liver

Question 19

What organ develops during the foetus period?

Answer 19

Lungs (also strengthening of heart) so baby can breathe and survive outside of womb

Question 20

At how many months of development do babies become psychological beings?

Answer 20

4 months

Question 21

After becoming psychological beings, babies do what two things with stimuli?

Answer 21

Perceive and react

Question 22

250-400Hz is the range of what sound?

Answer 22

The human voice

Question 23

What is meant by chromosomal variation problems being heterogeneous?

Answer 23

Variation between people and how much they’re affected by the condition.
Sometimes may have an extra fragment of a chromosome rather than a whole extra chromosome.

Question 24

Why is it in the first 2 weeks of pregnancy the foetus can’t be affected by environmental insult from the mother’s actions yet?

Answer 24

Zygote is dividing and hasn’t started it’s journey down the fallopian tube yet.

Question 25

In training where babies in the womb were read cat in the hat twice a day and then read the story 2.5 days after birth, what results were found?

Answer 25

8 babies could hear the familiar story with faster dummy sucking, whereas the other 8 babies with slower dummy sucking.
Babies showed preference for familiar over novel stories