2. Prenatal development Flashcards
When was the microscope invented?
1590s
When was Nicolaas Hartsoeker’s preformation theory of development developed?
1695
In the 19th century, improvements in o____ demonstrated that e____ development didn’t involve s____ processes of growth but also substantial d____
Optics
Embryonic
Simple
Differentiation
Define scala naturae
Great c____ of b____
Species are f____ and arranged h____
Great chain of being
Species are fixed and arranged hierarchically
What are the three stages of prenatal (antenatal) development?
1. The G____ period (from c____ to i____)
2. The period of the e____ (i____ to ~ __ months)
3. The period of the f____ (__ months to b____)
- The Germinal Period (from conception to implantation)
- The Period of the Embryo (implantation to ~ 2 months)
- The Period of the Fetus (2 months to birth)
After how many weeks does cell differentiation take place?
At two weeks
When does the period of embryo start?
At three weeks
What three things develop during the period of the foetus at 4 months?
1. T____
2. H____ __-__Hz
3. M____
- Touch
- Hearing 250-500Hz
- Movement
What are three examples of genetic variations from typical development?
1. C____ f____
2. S____-c____ a____
3. Various c____ d____
- Cystic fibrosis
- Sickle-cell anaemia
- Various chromosomal disorders
What are four environmental toxins that can cause variations from typical development?
1. T____
2. A____
3. R____
4. P____
- Thalidomide
- Alcohol
- Radiation
- Pesticides
What is one nutritional factor that can cause variations from typical development?
F____ a____
Folic acid
What are the four phases of mitosis?
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
What is the term for having fewer or more than the usual number of chromosomes?
A____
Aneuploidy
Down syndrome karyotype, Edwards syndrome karyotype and pat syndrome karyotype are three classes of aneuploidy. What problems are they all associated with?
Significant d____ problems in various o____ systems
L____ difficulties
Significant developmental problems in various organ systems
Learning difficulties
What happened in the “Thalidomide Tragedy”?
Developed in 19__ to treat h____, in____, and m____ s____ by CIBA pharmaceutical company.
By 19__, approximately __,000 children in __ different countries were born with severely m____ l____.
Developed in 1954 to treat headaches, insomnia, and morning sickness by CIBA pharmaceutical company.
By 1961, approximately 20,000 children in 46 different countries were born with severely misshapen limbs.
What can Stem cells become?
Any type of cell… they are not yet differentiated
What occurs during the germinal period?
F____ egg makes its wat down the f____ t____ and becomes i____ in the w____ at about __ weeks
Fertilised egg makes its way down the fallopian tube and becomes implanted in the womb at about 2 weeks
The period of the embryo is when all the m____ f____ of the human body are formed?
Main features…
E.g. brain, heart, eyes, liver
What organ develops during the foetus period?
L____ so baby can b____ and survive outside of w____
Lungs (also strengthening of heart) so baby can breathe and survive outside of womb
At how many months of development do babies become psychological beings?
4 months
After becoming psychological beings, babies do what two things with stimuli?
P____ and r____
Perceive and react
250-400Hz is the range of what sound?
The human voice
What is meant by chromosomal variation problems being heterogeneous?
V____ between p____ and how much they’re a____ by the condition
Sometimes may have an extra f____ of a chromosome rather than a whole e____ chromosome
Variation between people and how much they’re affected by the condition.
Sometimes may have an extra fragment of a chromosome rather than a whole extra chromosome.
Why is it in the first 2 weeks of pregnancy the foetus can’t be affected by environmental insult from the mother’s actions yet?
Zygote is d____ and hasn’t started it’s journey down the f____ t____ yet
Zygote is dividing and hasn’t started it’s journey down the fallopian tube yet.
In training where babies in the womb were read cat in the hat twice a day and then read the story 2.5 days after birth, what results were found?
8 babies could hear the familiar story with f____ dummy sucking, whereas the other 8 babies with s____ dummy sucking
Babies showed p____ for f____ over n____ stpries
8 babies could hear the familiar story with faster dummy sucking, whereas the other 8 babies with slower dummy sucking.
Babies showed preference for familiar over novel stories
