14. Gender Development 2

Question 1

Gender-based preferences emerge by ____ years of age

Answer 1

3

Question 2

By what age do children avoid other-sex toys?

Answer 2

4-5 years old

Question 3

Boys’ m____ preferences increase with age

Answer 3

Masculine

Question 4

Girls’ f____ preferences increase until ____ years, then they show less interest in f____ activities, and increasing interest in m____ activities

Answer 4

feminine, 5/6 years
feminine
masculine

Question 5

Boys avoid feminine activities to a greater extent than…

Answer 5

girls avoid masculine activities

Question 6

Levy et al (1995) found both boys and girls viewed boys with feminine preferences…

Answer 6

More negatively than girls with masculine preferences

Question 7

What is gender boundary maintenance?
Process by which g____ g____ b____ are maintained. Boys are more likely to i____ and m____ g____ b____ than girls

Answer 7

Process by which gender group boundaries are maintained. Boys are more likely to initiate and maintain group boundaries than girls

Question 8

Children learn st____ very early. By 3 yrs old they know st____ about ob____ and ac____.

Answer 8

Stereotypes
stereotypes, objects and activities

Question 9

Stereotypes about ac____ and oc____ increases between 3-5 yrs. C____ levels are typically reached by 7 yrs old.

Answer 9

activities and occupations
Ceiling

Question 10

Stereotypes about p____ t____ emerges later

Answer 10

Personality Traits

Question 11

What are two reasons for the mixed evidence for a relationship between parent variables and their children’s gender-typing?
1. Parents aren’t the o____ i____
2. Co____ va____ in definition and focus of research

Answer 11

1. Parents aren’t the only influence
2. Conceptual vagueness in definition and focus of research

Question 12

Wills et al (1976) found parents acted differently with 6 mo ‘Beth’ and ‘Adam’. How?

Answer 12

Smiled more at Beth, more likely to give her a doll to play with than Adam

Question 13

What are three ways parents’ beliefs and stereotypes can affect their children’s gender-role socialisation by influencing?
1. The g____ and e____ they have for their children
2. How they p____ their children’s i____
3. How they i____ with their children

Answer 13

1. The goals and expectations they have for their children
2. How they perceive their children’s interests
3. How they interact with their children

Question 14

Eccles’ Expectancy Value Theory is a theoretical model to account for what?
How gender is linked to pa____ be____, and how these are linked to children in____ in, and co____ beliefs about, different ac____

Answer 14

How gender is linked to parents’ beliefs, and how these are linked to children’s involvement in, and competence beliefs about, different activities

Question 15

Parent’s gender-role beliefs affect judgement,ents make about children’;s competence in stereotyped activity domains. These judgements affect what? … that affects what?
Affects parents’ e____ about children’s f____ p____
This affects types of o____ parents give their children

Answer 15

These judgements affect parents’ expectations about children’s future performance
These expectations affect types of opportunities parents then give their children

Question 16

In the Michigan Study of Childhood and Beyond, what were boys and girls considered more competent in?

Answer 16

• daughters considered more competent and interested in English than sports
  
  • daughters considered more talented in instrumental music (even though few children actually played instruments!)
  • sons more competent and interested in sports than English

Question 17

Gendered attributional patterns are important mediators of gender-s____ p____ of children’s c____

Answer 17

Gender-stereotyped perceptions of children’s competence

Question 18

The sex of older sibling was associated with g____-r____ behaviour of y____ s____

Answer 18

Gender-role behaviour of younger sibling

Question 19

Having an older brother has been more associated with what?

Answer 19

more masculine behaviour and less feminine behaviour for both boys and girls

Question 20

For second-born siblings, First-born siblings’ qualities in Year 1 of study predicted g____-r____ a____, p____ characteristics and i____ of second-born sibling in Year __ of study, even when controlling for p____ i____

For first-born siblings there was more evidence of p____ i____

Answer 20

gender-role attitudes, personality characteristics and interests of second-born sibling in Year 3 of study, even when controlling for parent influences.
of parental influence

Question 21

Fathers are not a requirement for normative…

Answer 21

gender development