12. Nature and Nurture Interplay

Question 1

Both genetic and environmental influences are important for l____ development

Answer 1

Language

Question 2

Genetic influences are not s____ - heritability of language ability i____ during development

Answer 2

Static
increases

Question 3

M____ genetic factors have been identified, suggesting language ability is a m____ trait

Answer 3

Multiple
Multifactorial

Question 4

Genetic and environmental factors do not act in i____, but c____ to influence child l____ development

Answer 4

isolation, co-act, language

Question 5

What are the three types of gene-environment interplay?

Answer 5

1. Epigenetics
2. Gene-Environment correlation
3. Gene-environment interaction

Question 6

Human genome is built with how many nucleotide base pairs?

Answer 6

3 billions

Question 7

How many genes are in the human genome?

Answer 7

20-25,000

Question 8

More than what % of the human DNA sequence is the same for everybody?

Answer 8

99%
1% of the DNA sequence is variable - the source of individual differences

Question 9

Define gene expression

Answer 9

Process by which the DNA sequence of a gene is converted into functional protein structures

Question 10

What do genetics determine?

Answer 10

What specific proteins are synthesised

Question 11

What do epigenetic determine?

Answer 11

How much of the proteins is made, and where and when it is synthesised

Question 12

Fill in the gaps about DNA Methylation:
Methyl groups attach to D____, c____ it and preventing its c____ from being r____ or made into p____.

Answer 12

DNA, compacting, code, read, proteins

Question 13

High nurturing mother rats raise …
and low nurturing mother rats raise …

Answer 13

… low anxious offspring
… high anxious offspring

Question 14

The nurturing behaviour of a mother rat shapes her pup’s e____ - in offspring of low nurturing mothers, g____ receptor gene is switched o____ and leads to higher levels of s____ and a____

Answer 14

epigenomes
glucocorticoid
off
stress and anxiety

Question 15

The environment is not i____ of the person - humans s____, m____ and c____ environments in line with their genetic p____

Answer 15

independent
select, modify, create
propensities

Question 16

What are three types of Gene-environment correlation?

Answer 16

1. Passive
2. Evocative
3. Active

Question 17

What is meant by passive GE correlation?

Answer 17

Parental genes influence parental behaviours that play a role in determining the kind of rearing environment that they provide

Question 18

What is meant by evocative GE correlation?

Answer 18

Child genes influence child behaviours that play a role in evoking different types of responses in other people

Question 19

What is meant by active GE correlation?

Answer 19

Child genes influence child behaviours that play a role in determining how children shape and select their environments

Question 20

In adoptive families, genetic risk of child is indexed by…

Answer 20

Behaviour of biological parents

Question 21

The influence of p____ rGE declines from i____ to a____, whereas the importance of the a____ rGE increases over the same period

Answer 21

passive, infancy, adolscence
active

Question 22

The degree to which experience is influence by individual’s genetic factors…

Answer 22

increases with development