12. Nature and Nurture Interplay

Question 1

Both genetic and environmental influences are important for l____ development

Answer 1

Language

Question 2

Genetic influences are not s____ - heritability of language ability i____ during development

Answer 2

Static
increases

Question 3

M____ genetic factors have been identified, suggesting language ability is a m____ trait

Answer 3

Multiple
Multifactorial

Question 4

Genetic and environmental factors do not act in i____, but c____ to influence child l____ development

Answer 4

isolation, co-act, language

Question 5

What are the three types of gene-environment interplay?
1. E____
2. Gene-environment c____
3. Gene-environment i____

Answer 5

1. Epigenetics
2. Gene-Environment correlation
3. Gene-environment interaction

Question 6

Human genome is built with how many nucleotide base pairs?

Answer 6

3 billions

Question 7

How many genes are in the human genome?

Answer 7

20-25,000

Question 8

More than what % of the human DNA sequence is the same for everybody?

Answer 8

99%
1% of the DNA sequence is variable - the source of individual differences

Question 9

Define gene expression
Process by which the DNA s____ of a gene is converted into f____ p____ structures

Answer 9

Process by which the DNA sequence of a gene is converted into functional protein structures

Question 10

What do genetics determine?
What specific p____ are s____

Answer 10

What specific proteins are synthesised

Question 11

What do epigenetic determine?
How much of a p____ is m____, and w____ and w____ it is s____

Answer 11

How much of the proteins is made, and where and when it is synthesised

Question 12

Fill in the gaps about DNA Methylation:
Methyl groups attach to D____, c____ it and preventing its c____ from being r____ or made into p____.

Answer 12

DNA, compacting, code, read, proteins

Question 13

High nurturing mother rats raise …
and low nurturing mother rats raise …

Answer 13

… low anxious offspring
… high anxious offspring

Question 14

The nurturing behaviour of a mother rat shapes her pup’s e____ - in offspring of low nurturing mothers, gluco____ receptor gene is switched o____ and leads to higher levels of s____ and a____

Answer 14

epigenomes
glucocorticoid
off
stress and anxiety

Question 15

The environment is not in____ of the person - humans se____, mo____ and cr____ environments in line with their genetic pr____

Answer 15

independent
select, modify, create
propensities

Question 16

What are three types of Gene-environment correlation?
1. P____
2. E____
3. A____

Answer 16

1. Passive
2. Evocative
3. Active

Question 17

What is meant by passive GE correlation?
P____ g____ influences p____ b____ that play a role in determining the kind of r____ e____ that they provide

Answer 17

Parental genes influence parental behaviours that play a role in determining the kind of rearing environment that they provide

Question 18

What is meant by evocative GE correlation?
C____ g____ influence c____ b____ that play a role in e____ d____ types of r____ in o____ p____

Answer 18

Child genes influence child behaviours that play a role in evoking different types of responses in other people

Question 19

What is meant by active GE correlation?
C____ g____ influence c____ b____ that play a role in determining how c____ s____ and s____ their e____

Answer 19

Child genes influence child behaviours that play a role in determining how children shape and select their environments

Question 20

In adoptive families, genetic risk of child is indexed by b____ of b____ p____

Answer 20

Behaviour of biological parents
(Indexed = linked to/adjusted by)

Question 21

The influence of pa____ rGE declines from i____ to a____, whereas the importance of the ac____ rGE increases over the same period

Answer 21

passive, infancy, adolscence
active

Question 22

The degree to which experience is influence by individual’s genetic factors i____ with d____

Answer 22

increases with development