6. Language Acquisition 1 Flashcards
What are four skills involved in learning language?
1. As____
2. Ge____/ex____
3. Re____
4. Re____
- Association
- Generalisation / extension
- Recognition
- Retrieval
Language acquisition uses ____ general skills
Domain
A lot of language acquisition is learning patterns. What are two of these patterns?
1. Patterns for which s____ fit together to make a w____
2. Patterns for which w____-t____ fit together in which o____
- Patterns for which sounds fit together to make a word
- Patterns for which word-types fit together in which order
Middle and high SES parents are more t____
talkative
Children with more t____ caregivers learn new words f____
talkative
faster
At 18 months, children from low SES backgrounds produce ____ words
fewer
Children from low SES backgrounds produce less ____ sentences
complex
By 24 months there is a ___month language gap between SES groups
6 month
“The rich have become richer, and the poor have become poorer”. Gaps between groups will widen over time. What is the term for this phenomenon?
The M____ e____
The Matthew Effect
Foetuses can hear from how many weeks?
15-18 weeks
Infants prefer their mother’s voice over ____ speaking in own language and ____ languages
Strangers
Another
Define Cadence
The r____ of l____/s____
The rhythm of language/speech
Mothers recited stories twice a day in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy. At 55 hours of age, infants did what compared to a control group?
Infants “w____” to produce the story they had h____ over a d____ story
Infants “worked” to produce the story they had heard over a different story
What are three things that help infants know where the breaks between words are?
1. P____
2. P____
3. S____ and c____
- Pitch
- Pauses
- Statistics and correlations
What is meant by Transitional Probability (Patterns)?
Sounds that occur together o____ are more likely to be from the s____ w____
Sounds that occur together often are more likely to be from the same word
Infants can use statistical re____/pa____ to learn language
regularities/patterns
Statistical learning is d____ g____
Domain General
Infant directed speech exaggerates differences between v____, which helps children learn words
Vowels
The vowel exaggeration is observed across languages
Infant-directed speech is ____ pitched than adult-directed speech across languages
higher
Infant directed speech aids s____
Segmentation
When presented with i____ speech streams, 7mon infants learned the “words” significantly b____ if IDS was used
Identical
better
Children who hear more CDS have larger ____
vocabularies
Parents adjust their speech based on w____ they think their children d____ n____ k____
words they think their children do not know
CDS helps adults learn words in a new ____
language
By ____ infants recognise their own names
4.5 months
By ____ infants understand the words “mommy” and “daddy”
6 months
By 6-9months infants show understanding of some words for f____ o____
familiar objects
Children with more repeated f____ were diagnosed with A____ earlier than other children with A____
Failures
ASD, ASD
____ recognition at 9 months could be useful for ____ prescreening
Name, ASD
Macrostructure shows fl____ and ro____ of language acquisition
Flexibility
Robustness
Ca____ influences language
Categorisation
Most of the input children hear is for ca____ (nouns)
categories
Most of children’s early v____ are words for so____, sh____-based categories with count noun syntax
vocabularies
solid, shape
Children trained on shape categories developed a pre____ s____ b____
Precocious shape bias
Precious = (of a child) having developed certain abilities or inclinations at an earlier age than is usual or expected.
Children trained on shape categories o____-g____ the shape bias to n____-s____ substances
over-generalised
non-solid
Children trained on m____ categories did not develop any bias
material
