16. Normative Development of Fears Flashcards

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1
Q

Normal childhood fears are what four things?
1. C____ e____
2. Relatively m____
3. A____ and d____ s____
4. Follow a p____ pattern including d____ with a____

A
  1. Commonly experienced
  2. Relatively mild
  3. Appear and disappear spontaneously
  4. Follow a predictable pattern including decreasing with age
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2
Q

Fears of i____ increase with age

A

Injury

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3
Q

Fear Survey Schedule for Children - Revised measures number, severity and type of normal fears children experience. The five reliable factors are:
1. Fear of d____ and d____
2. Fear of f____ and c____
3. Fear of the u____
4. Fear of a____
5. S____ and m____ fears

A
  1. Fear of danger and death (e.g. being hit by a car or truck)
  2. Fear of failure and criticism (e.g. looking foolish)
  3. Fear of the unknown (e.g. going to bed in the dark)
  4. Fear of animals (e.g. snakes)
  5. Stress and medical fears (e.g. getting an injection from the doctor)
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4
Q

What are four methodological issues with the Fear Survey Schedule for Children
1. Some items o____ and c____ threat not included
2. May not capture c___ v____
3. Can only measure what is i____
4. Might now index actual f____ of fears

A
  1. Some items quite outdated and contemporary threats (e.g. climate change) not included
  2. May not adequately capture cultural variation in childhood fears
  3. Can only measure what is included, not an exhaustive list
  4. Might not index actual frequency of fears
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5
Q

Ollendick et al. (1989) found top fears related to what two things?

A

Dangerous situations and physical harm

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6
Q

What are three moderators of childhood fears?
1. G____
2. C____ v____
3. S____ effects

A
  1. Gender
  2. Cultural Variation
  3. Socioeconomic effects
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7
Q

Ollendick et al. (1989) found children who identified as ____ report more fears than children who identified as ____

A

girls, boys

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8
Q

Fear levels may vary as a function of c____ g____ m____

A

cultural group membership

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9
Q

____ SES children report more fears

A

Lower

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9
Q

Fear of m____ and g____ decreases with age

A

Monsters and ghosts

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10
Q

Some fears can be learned through c____ experiences

A

Conditioning

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11
Q

There may be specific periods during development when we learn about certain types of fear more r____

A

readily

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12
Q

Some common fears may be i____, or we might be p____ to learn them very rapidly and at an e____ age

A

innate, prepared, early

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13
Q

Fill in the gaps about evolutionary approach:
1. Natural selection favours individuals who r____ learn about threats that pose a danger to s____ because this facilitates s____
2. Fear s____ evolved to focus on threats at ages at which those threats would have been greatest risk to our a____
3. Some fears may be i____ and may not need to be learned a____ a____
4. And/or we may be prepared to rapidly a____ some fears with little or no p____ learning

A
  1. rapidly, self, survival
  2. system, ancestors
  3. innate, at all
  4. acquire, prior
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14
Q

Fill in the gaps about cognitive development approach:
1. Fear and anxiety originates from c____ of threat
2. Conceptualisation of threat depends on a child’s c____, p____, s____ and e____ abilities
3. As these abilities e.g. biological regulation, memory, self-control, theory of mind, counterfactual reasoning develop, the things children fear becomes more s____
4. With increasing age/development, the r____ of fear-provoking stimuli b____ and more c____ features of anxiety (e.g. worry) emerge

A
  1. conceptualisation
  2. cognitive, physical, social, emotional
  3. sophisticated
  4. range, broadens, complex
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15
Q

Infants rapidly detect and show greater visual attention to s____ and s____ than to control images

A

snakes and spiders

16
Q

Rather than fear, children looking at snakes and spiders may be due to p____ b____

A

Perceptual bias

17
Q

What are three common fears in early/middle childhood?
1. I____ c____
2. Fear of d____
3. Fear of s____ a____

A
  1. Imaginary creatures
  2. Fear of dark
  3. Fear of small animals
18
Q

What are three main fears in adolescence?

A
  1. Social fears and evaluation
  2. Fear of injury to self
  3. More generalised worry
19
Q

Muris et al. (2002) found increased age and cognitive maturation lead to enhanced ability to e____ on w____, in turn increasing risk for emergence of p____ w____

A

enhanced ability to elaborate on worries, in turn increasing risk for emergence of personal worry

20
Q

what does Fear Survey Schedule for Children - Revised measure?
N____, s____ and t____ of n____ fears children experience

A

Measures number, severity and type of normal fears children experience

21
Q

Ollendick found Children experience some fear of, on average ____ stimuli

A

14

22
Q

Gender impacts the i____ and c____ of fear

A

intensity, content

23
Q

Gender effects may be explained by b____ s____ differences and/or g____ r____ o____

A

biological sex, gender role orientation

24
Q

P____ fears decrease with age, while s____ fears increase with age

A

Physical, social

25
Q

Rather than fear, snakes/spiders may hold a ‘s____ s____’ – they may capture young infants visual attention r____ and this may then allow r____ l____ of fear

A

special status, rapidly, rapid learning

26
Q

Young infants may have evolved a ‘p____ t____’ which allows them to rapidly d____/a____ to things that have s____/m____ characteristics typical of s____/s____

A

perceptual template
detect/attend
shape/movement
snakes/spiders

27
Q

The greater a childs a____ and the greater a childs level of c____ d____, the more able they were to c____ and generate a f____ and w____

A

age, cognitive development
catastrophise, fear, worry