13. Gender development 1 Flashcards
Janet Hyde (2005) proposed “The Gender Similarities Hypothesis” that argued what?
Boys and girls are more similar than different
What is one way temperament has gender differences?
A____ level: s____ –> m____
Activity level: small –> medium
How do the following three cognitive factors relate to gender differences?
1. IQ scores - practically i____
2. Verbal skills - start out l____, later in c____ and a____
3. Spatial skills - boys o____ girls, the difference i____ through c____
- Practically identical
- Start out larger, later in childhood and adolescence
- Boys outperform girls, the difference increasing through childhood
The largest effect of difference in spatial skills between boys and girls is in what task?
M____ r____
Largest effect for mental rotation
What % of boys and girls received at least one “C” and at least one “A*” or “A” in their GCSEs in 2016?
Girls: 71.3% C, 24.1% A/A
Boys: 62.4% C, 16.8% A/A
There are moderate to large effects of gender differences in what social factor? What are three potential reasons for this?
S____-r____
1. Girls are more c____
2. Better able to resist t____
3. Show more e____ and s____
Self-regulation
1. Girls are more compliant
2. Better able to resist temptation
3. Show more empathy and sympathy
What are the different ways boys and girls show aggression?
Boys = direct - physical or verbal acts designed to harm
Girls = indirect - social exclusion and gossip designed to damage social relationships
Fill in the gaps about how evolutionary approaches explains gender differences…
1. Behavioural t____ have evolved that offer r____ advantage
2. Girls concentrate on fostering c____ relationships, avoiding c____ and c____ their i____
3. Boys and more p____ a____ and a____
- Tendencies, reproductive
- Close, conflict, controlling, impulses
- Physically active, aggressive
How does congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) affect how children play?
P____ e____ to e____ androgens lead __ children to p____ in more m____ ways
Prenatal exposure to excess androgens lead XX children to play in more “masculine” ways
Mischel’s (1966) social learning theory states that children learn gender roles because s____ a____ t____ them. Children are p____
… social agents teach them (e.g. parents, teachers, peers)
Children are PASSIVE
What are the two key processes in Mischel’s (1966) social learning theory?
1. Re____
2. Mo____
- Reinforcement
- Modelling
Bussey & Bandura (1999) Social cognitive theory incorporates social and cognitive factors. What are the three key influences?
1. Modelling in im____ en____
2. En____ experience
3. Di____ tu____
- Modelling in immediate environment
- Enactive experience (Positive activities that allow persons to successfully perform a behavior have the potential to change a negative efficacy to a positive efficacy)
- Direct tuition
What are two problems and one strength of socialisation theories?
P1 - a____ - doesn’t account for d____ c____ in children’s g____-s____ beliefs
P2 - major m____ of the theory haven’t been supported c____ by research
S1 - acknowledges role of s____ e____
P1 - adevelopmental - doesn’t account for developmental changes in children’s gender-stereotyped beliefs
P2 - major mechanisms of the theory (parental reinforcement and modelling) haven’t been supported consistently by research
S1 - acknowledges role of the social environment
Kohlberg’s (1966) Cognitive developmental theory states that understanding of gender develops within a f____ of general c____ d____ and i____ gender development.
Framework, cognitive development, initiates
What are the three different stages of Gender Understanding?
1. Gender i____ - ability to l____ each
2. Gender s____ - understand s____ is s____ over time
3. Gender c____ - understand p____
- Gender identity (ability to label each)
- Gender stability (understand sex is stable over time)
- Gender constancy (understand permanence)
