13. Gender development 1

Question 1

Janet Hyde (2005) proposed “The Gender Similarities Hypothesis” that argued what?

Answer 1

Boys and girls are more similar than different

Question 2

What is one way temperament has gender differences?

Answer 2

Activity level: small –> medium

Question 3

How do the following three cognitive factors relate to gender differences?
1. IQ scores
2. Verbal skills
3. Spatial skills

Answer 3

1. Practically identical
2. Start out larger, later in childhood and adolescence
3. Boys outperform girls, the difference increasing through childhood

Question 4

The largest effect of difference in spatial skills between boys and girls is in what task?

Answer 4

Largest effect for mental rotation

Question 5

What % of boys and girls received at least one “C” and at least one “A*” or “A” in their GCSEs in 2016?

Answer 5

Girls: 71.3% C, 24.1% A/A
Boys: 62.4% C, 16.8% A/A

Question 6

There are moderate to large effects of gender differences in what social factor? What are three potential reasons for this?

Answer 6

Self-regulation
1. Girls are more compliant
2. Better able to resist temptation
3. Show more empathy and sympathy

Question 7

What are the different ways boys and girls show aggression?

Answer 7

Boys = direct - physical or verbal acts designed to harm
Girls = indirect - social exclusion and gossip designed to damage social relationships

Question 8

Fill in the gaps about how evolutionary approaches explains gender differences…
1. Behavioural t____ have evolved that offer r____ advantage
2. Girls concentrate on fostering c____ relationships, avoiding c____ and c____ their i____
3. Boys and more p____ a____ and a____

Answer 8

1. Tendencies, reproductive
2. Close, conflict, controlling, impulses
3. Physically active, aggressive

Question 9

How does congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) affect how children play?

Answer 9

Prenatal exposure to excess androgens lead XX children to play in more “masculine” ways

Question 10

Mischel’s (1966) social learning theory states that children learn gender roles because…

Answer 10

… social agents teach them (e.g. parents, teachers, peers)
Children are PASSIVE

Question 11

What are the two key processes in Mischel’s (1966) social learning theory?

Answer 11

1. Reinforcement
2. Modelling

Question 12

Bussey & Bandura (1999) Social cognitive theory incorporates social and cognitive factors. What are the three key influences?

Answer 12

1. Modelling in immediate environment
2. Enactive experience
3. Direct tuition

Question 13

What are two problems and one strength of socialisation theories?

Answer 13

P1 - adevelopmental - doesn’t account for developmental changes in children’s gender-stereotyped beliefs
P2 - major mechanisms of the theory (parental reinforcement and modelling) haven’t been supported consistently by research
S1 - acknowledges role of the social environment

Question 14

Kohlberg’s (1966) Cognitive developmental theory states that understanding of gender develops within a f____ of general c____ d____ and i____ gender development.

Answer 14

Framework, cognitive development, initiates

Question 15

What are the three different stages of Gender Understanding?

Answer 15

1. Gender identity (ability to label each)
2. Gender stability (understand sex is stable over time)
3. Gender constancy (understand permanence)

Question 16

Gender schema theory states gender i____ has central role rather than gender c____.
Networks of gender-related info guide ….?

Answer 16

Gender identity, gender constancy
gender-stereotyped processing and behaviour

Question 17

We develop ____ schema before ____ schema

Answer 17

Own-sex, other-sex

Question 18

What are three problems with cognitive theories of gender differences?

Answer 18

1. Doesn’t address why males and females are valued differently
2. Theories largely ignore the social context within which gender development occurs
3. Predicted relationship between gender-stereotypes and gender-typed behaviour is typically not found