19. Bullying II

Question 1

Cyber bullying and traditional bullying share the key components of bullying i.e. a v____-a____ power imbalance, intention to h____, s____ and r____

Answer 1

victim-aggressor
harm
strategic
repeated

Question 2

Across different studies typically between __-__% of those students who had experienced cyberbullying also experienced ‘traditional’ bullying

Answer 2

50-90%

Question 3

In a study of 2745 adolescents between 11 and 16 years, __% of students reported experiencing bullying only __% were purely cyber- bullied

Answer 3

29%
1%

Question 4

Friendship is a d____ relationship between children that is m____ r____. It is v____, i____, s____ and d____ from other d____ relationships.

Answer 4

Dyadic
Mutually reciprocated
Voluntary, intimate, stable
Differs
Dyadic

Question 5

Children with a reciprocated best friend are more a____ and s____ c____ than children without friends

Answer 5

adjusted
socially competent

Question 6

For children who may be victimised, friendships b____ against n____ i____ victimisation has on wellbeing

Answer 6

buffer
negative impact

Question 7

Friendships are predictive of children’s a____ a____ at school

Answer 7

academic achievement

Question 8

Define homophily

Answer 8

The tendency of like-minded individuals to be attracted to one another

Question 9

What is meant by selection?

Answer 9

Children affiliate and befriend peers who’re similar to themselves on a variety of behavioural and physical characteristics

Question 10

What is socialisation?

Answer 10

Processes of influence or contagion among peers

Question 11

Define peer contagion

Answer 11

Mutual influence process that occurs between an individual and a peer, including behaviours that undermine development and cause harm

Question 12

Deviancy training is a p____ of interactions between ‘d____’ peers in which aggressive b____ and/or d____ of r____ b____ is contingently r____

Answer 12

pattern
deviant
behaviour, discussion
rule breaking
reinforced

Question 13

Aggressive children are more likely to be r____ from the peer group. This m____ and e____ children’s aggressive behaviour. This in turn limits opportunities for the a____ of s____ skills and p___ peer interactions

Answer 13

rejected
maintains, exacerbates
acquisition, social, positive

Question 14

Peer rejection at age __ independently predicts conduct disorders at age __

Answer 14

5, 10

Question 15

Piehler & Dishion (2007) found dyads high in both m____ and deviant talk were especially likely to demonstrate high levels of …

Answer 15

mutuality
antisocial behaviour

Question 16

Ehrenreich et al (2014) found talk about antisocial activities was common and predicted increases in what two things?

Answer 16

1. Parent, teacher & self-reports of adolescents’ rule-breaking behaviour
2. Teacher & self-reports of adolescents’ aggressive behaviour

Question 17

Appearance-based teasing from friends and school-level rates of appearance-based teasing predicts increases in…

Answer 17

body dissatisfaction

Question 18

S____-d____ comments about appearance are common, particularly between f____ friends and are associated with increased b____ d____

Answer 18

Self-depreciating
female
body dissatisfaction

Question 19

Adolescents’ own d____ symptoms are associated with that of their f____ over time, especially in the context of a b____ f____.
Three potential mechanisms for this are…

Answer 19

depressive
friend
best friend
1. Co-rumination - repeated discussion of interpersonal ambiguities
2. Excessive reassurance seeking
3. Negative feedback seeking

Question 20

What are three moderators of peer contagion effects?

Answer 20

1. Target characteristics (e.g., sex, social anxiety, self-regulation)
2. Peer status (e.g., status)
3. Relationship features or characteristics (e.g., quality, closeness)

Question 21

Pristein (2007) found gender specific mechanisms for peer contagion effects. What were they?

Answer 21

• For boys, depressive contagion occurred when the quality of the friendship was
  low or the peer was popular.
• For girls, only those high in social anxiety were influenced by their peer’s level of depressive symptoms

Question 22

In some studies, high-quality relationships are the most influential (Piehler & Dishion 2007, Stevens & Prinstein 2005), but in others (Prinstein 2007), adolescents appear more influenced by what two things?

Answer 22

• those with whom they want to develop a closer relationship (e.g., unreciprocated friendships)
• by friendships with low levels of positive friendship quality

Question 23

Peer influence is an a____ strategy

Answer 23

Adaptive