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WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World > 7. The Rhone Valley > Flashcards

7. The Rhone Valley Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the climate of the northern Rhone?

A

Continental

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2
Q

What is the climate of the southern Rhone?

A

Mediterranean

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3
Q

How much land is under vine in the northern and southern Rhone respectively?

A

1) 4,200 ha
2) 65,000

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4
Q

What is Syrah decline/disorder?

A

An issue related to injury at the graft union between a scion and a rootstock that result in pits, grooves, cracks, and necrosis. Such an injury could be produced by pathogens including viruses.

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5
Q

What are the five key black grape varieties of the Rhone?

A

1) Grenache
2) Syrah
3) Mourvedre
4) Cinsault
5) Carignan

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6
Q

When does Grenache ripen?

A

Late

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7
Q

What four disease pressures is Grenache vulnerable to?

A

1) Coulure
2) Downy
3) Phomopsis
4) Botrytis

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8
Q

When does Mourvedre bud and ripen?

A

Late

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9
Q

Describe the suitable growing environment for Mourvedre (3)

A

1) Deep calcareous soils with small but steady water supplies
2) Best pruned short
3) Suited to cordon training or bush vines

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10
Q

What three disease pressures is Mourvedre prone to?

A

1) Mites
2) Leafhoppers
3) Sour rot

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11
Q

What is sour rot?

A

A disease that affects ripening bunches due to insect or bird damage to grapes, which then become prone to bacteria and fungi

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12
Q

Why must care be taken in the winery to ensure Mourvedre has adequate access to oxygen?

A

It is prone to reduction

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13
Q

How is Mourvedre typically aged?

A

In old oak

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14
Q

When does Cinsault bud?

A

Late

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15
Q

Cinsault is vulnerable to what five things?

A

1) Chlorosis
2) Esca
3) Eutypa
4) Mites
5) Grape moths

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16
Q

Why is Cinsault highly suitable for early drinking reds and roses?

A

The lifted aromas of the variety are most prominent in the first year after the wine is made

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17
Q

When does Viognier bud?

A

Early

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18
Q

What are Viognier yields often low and unpredictable?

A

Due to poor flowering and fruit set (coulure)

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19
Q

When does Marsanne bud?

A

Late

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20
Q

Where does Marsanne grow best?

A

On stone, low fertility soils (low fertility prevents vigour)

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21
Q

Marsanne is vulnerable to what three things?

A

1) Powdery
2) Mites
3) Botrytis

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22
Q

When does Roussanne bud?

A

Late

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23
Q

Roussanne is vulnerable to what five things?

A

1) Wind
2) Coulure
3) Powdery
4) Botrytis
5) Mites

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24
Q

What does Grenache Blanc contribute to a blend?

A

Low intensity ripe green fruit and some floral notes, high alcohol and low acidity

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25
Q

What is Clairette prone to?

A

Autumn rains as it is late ripening

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26
Q

How much Clairette be treated in the winery?

A

Gently as it oxidised easily

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27
Q

What does Clairette contribute to a wine?

A

Freshness and fruit, with white flower, fennel, apple and grapefruit notes, has high alcohol and low to medium (–) acidity.

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28
Q

When does Bourboulenc ripen?

A

Late

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29
Q

What does Bourboulenc contribute to a wine?

A

Lemon flavour, medium (+) acidity
and medium alcohol

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30
Q

Explain the winemaking style required for Grenache and why

A

Grenache Noir is prone to oxidation
and premature loss of colour if it is exposed to too much oxygen and therefore is typically fermented and aged in concrete vats or stainless steel tanks.

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31
Q

Explain the winemaking style required for Syrah and why

A

Syrah is prone to reduction and therefore has to be pumped over more often and is often aged in oak to provide gentle oxidation, adding to cost.

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32
Q

Why is the incidence of fungal disease lowered in the northern Rhone?

A

The cool Mistral wind from the north

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33
Q

How long is the northern Rhone from north to south?

A

65km

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34
Q

What is another consequence of the Mistral wind?

A

It decreases vine vigour and leads to lower yields of higher concentration

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35
Q

What are the eight AOCs of the northern Rhone?

A

1) Cote-Rotie
2) Condrieu
3) Chateau Grillet
4) Saint-Joseph
5) Crozes-Hermitage
6) Hermitage
7) Cornas
8) Saint-Peray

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36
Q

What is the red, white and rose IGP of the northern Rhone?

A

Collines Rhodaniennes

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37
Q

In which directions do most Cote-Rotie vineyards face?

A

East and south-east

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38
Q

How are vines in Cote-Rotie trained?

A

Single- or double-Guyot and tied to one or two poles

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39
Q

What are echalas?

A

The poles to which Cote-Rotie’s vines are tied

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40
Q

Describe the terroir of Cote-Rotie

A

Steep, often terraced slopes facing east and south-east with high sunlight, shelter from the wind, and poor stony soils.

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41
Q

What per cent of Viognier is permitted in Cote-Rotie?

A

20%

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42
Q

What is the preferred rootstock in Cote-Rotie?

A

3309

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43
Q

What is the typical planting density in Cote-Rotie?

A

10,000 vines per ha

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44
Q

What is the maximum yield in Cote-Rotie?

A

40 hL/ha

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45
Q

If Viognier is used in Cote-Rotie, how must it be fermented?

A

Co-fermented with Syrah

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46
Q

What are two common maturation vessel sizes in Cote-Rotie?

A

1) 225l barrique
2) 500-600l demi-muids

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47
Q

What famous trio of wines uses 225l barrique for maturation?

A

Guigal’s La Mouline, La Landonne, La Turque

48
Q

What is the maximum yield of Condrieu?

A

41 hL/ha

49
Q

Condrieu must be 100% of what variety?

A

Viognier

50
Q

What direction do Condrieu vineyards face?

A

South

51
Q

Describe the terroir of Condrieu

A

South-facing vineyards on steep, low fertility, rocky terraced slopes

52
Q

What two vessel types are most common for Condrieu?

A

Stainless steel and old oak

53
Q

Besides oak and MLC, what other winemaking technique is up to the winemaker but commonly employed?

A

10-12 months lees maturation and stirring

54
Q

Name two highly regarded producers in Saint-Joseph

A

Jean-Louis Chave
Domaine Gonon

55
Q

What is the maximum yield for Saint-Joseph?

A

40 hL/ha

56
Q

What two white grapes are permitted in Saint-Joseph’s red wines but rarely used?

A

Marsanne and Roussanne

57
Q

What are the two common maturation vessel types for Saint-Joseph?

A

Stainless steel and large oak

58
Q

What is the name of the 12th century hermit after whom Hermitage is named?

A

Gaspard de Sterimberg

59
Q

What are the maximum yields for Hermitage?

A

40 hL/ha for red
45 hL/ for white

60
Q

In which direction do the vineyards of Hermitage face?

A

South

61
Q

What is a famous lieu-dit of Hermitage at the western end of the hill that records the highest temperatures?

A

Le Meal

62
Q

Hermitage whites are mostly which variety?

A

Marsanne, sometimes with Roussanne

63
Q

What is a key difference between Chapoutier and Chave?

A

Chapoutier focuses on individual parcels whereas Chave blends across the appellation

64
Q

What is the leading co-operative of Hermitage?

A

Cave de Tain

65
Q

Crozes-Hermitage is the northern Rhone’s largest appellation. What are the differences in climate between north and south?

A

It is continental in the north with strong Alpine and Mistral influences, whereas it is more temperature in the south.

66
Q

What is the maximum yield of Crozes-Hermitage?

A

45 hL/ha

67
Q

What is the climate of Cornas?

A

Mediterranean

68
Q

What is the maximum yield of Cornas?

A

40 hL/ha

69
Q

Name three significant producers of Cornas

A

Alain Voge
Vincent Paris
Auguste Clape

70
Q

What are the soils types of Saint-Peray?

A

Limestone and granite

71
Q

What is the maximum yield of Saint-Peray?

A

45 hL/ha

72
Q

What varieties are planted in Saint-Peray?

A

Marsanne with some Roussanne

73
Q

What is the maximum yield for Collines Rhodannienes?

A

80 hL/ha

74
Q

Why is there less protection from the Mistral in the southern Rhone compared with the north?

A

It is flatter

75
Q

How are Grenache and Syrah vines trained to protect from the Mistral?

A

1) Low bush-trained vines are common for Grenache
2) Syrah is grown tied to wires on trellises

76
Q

What is the appellation hierarchy of the southern Rhone?

A

1) Cotes du Rhone AOC
2) Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC
3) Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC + named village i.e. Seguret
4) Individual top village appellations i.e. Gigondas

77
Q

How many named villages are there as part of the Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC?

A

22

78
Q

What is the maximum yield for red, white and rose Cotes du Rhone AOC?

A

51 hL/ha

79
Q

Grenache, Syrah and Mourvedre must account for what per cent of the final blend of Cotes du Rhone AOC?

A

60%

80
Q

What six varieties must account for 80% of the final blend of a Cotes du Rhone AOC blanc?

A

1) Bourboulence
2) Clairette
3) Grenache Blanc
4) Marsanne
5) Roussanne
6) Viognier

81
Q

What is the maximum yield for Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC?

A

44 hL/ha

82
Q

What is the maximum yield for Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC + named village?

A

41 hL/ha

83
Q

What is the maximum yield for Chateauneuf-du-Pape?

A

35 hL/ha

84
Q

Cotes du Rhone Villages must include Grenache Noir and be what per cent minimum of two of the three principal varieties?

A

66%

85
Q

Gigondas’s vineyards extend how far above sea level?

A

600m

86
Q

What helps reduce the AM temperatures of Gigondas?

A

The Dentelles de Montmirail montains

87
Q

Gigondas, Vacqueyras, Vinsobres, Beaumes-de-Venise and Rasteau must be at least what per cent Grenache Noir?

A

50%

88
Q

From 2023 white wine based on what variety will be allowed in Gigondas?

A

Clairette (minimum 70%)

89
Q

Vacqueyras’s vineyards extend how far above sea level?

A

440m

90
Q

Can Gigondas, Vinsobres, Rasteau and Vacqueyras be 100% Grenache Noir?

A

No. They must feature at least some Syrah or Mourvedre

91
Q

What is the most northerly southern Rhone cru?

A

Vinsobres

92
Q

At what elevation range are the vineyards of Vinsobres?

A

200-500m

93
Q

What are the nine crus of the southern Rhone?

A

1) Chateauneuf-du-Pape
2) Gigondas
3) Vacqueyras
4) Rasteau
5) Vinsobres
6) Cairanne
7) Tavel
8) Beaumes-de-Venise
9) Lirac

94
Q

How must Cheateauneuf-du-Pape be harvested?

A

By hand

95
Q

What is unique about Chateaneuf-du-Pape when compared with the other eight crus with respect to the final blend?

A

There is no stipulation of principal varieties and minimum percentages. It is possible to make varietal wines

96
Q

What are galets roules and where are they common?

A

Large pebbles in Chateauneuf-du-Pape

97
Q

What is the effect of galets roules?

A

They absorb heat during the day and reflect it at night

98
Q

What soil types are common in Chateauneuf-du-Pape?

A

Limestone, clay, sandstone and sand

99
Q

The final blend of Lirac must be made from 90% of which varieties?

A

Grenache Noir, Syrah, Mourvedre, Cinsault

100
Q

Name a significant producer of Lirac

A

Domaine de la Mordoree

101
Q

Tavel is dedicated to which style of wine?

A

Rose

102
Q

Tavel may include 12 varieties, but must include which?

A

Grenache Noir up to 60%

103
Q

What is the maximum yield of Tavel?

A

46 hL/ha

104
Q

What are the four key (of seven) ‘satellite’ appellations of the southern Rhone?

A

1) Costieres de Nimes AOC
2) Grignan-les-Adhemar AOC
3) Ventoux AOC
4) Luberon AOC

105
Q

What is the maximum yield of Costieres de Nimes?

A

60 hL/ha

106
Q

Describe the terroir of Costieres de Nimes

A

South-west facing vineyards with good sunlight interception and Mediterranean breezes

107
Q

What geological feature is an important cooling aspect of Ventoux?

A

Mount Ventoux from which descends cool air

108
Q

What is the maximum yield of Ventoux?

A

60 hL/ha

109
Q

What is the maximum yield of Luberon?

A

55 hL/ha

110
Q

What are two benefits of Mourvedre’s late ripening?

A

1) Can remain on the vine while Syrah and Grenache are being fermented
2) Can be harvested once temperatures are in decline, which could save on expensive labour and/or energy to keep fruit cool

111
Q

When do Carignan and Cinsault bud?

A

Late

112
Q

What is the newest southern Rhone cru?

A

Laudun (2023)

113
Q

What are the primary soils of Saint-Joseph?

A

Predominantly granite

114
Q

Saint-Joseph must be 90% what variety, and what varieties may make up the additional 10%?

A

1) Syrah
2) Marsanne, Roussane, Viogner

115
Q

What is the aspect of Saint-Joseph?

A

East-facing running north-south along the Rhone River

116
Q

Why is there the increasing potential for Saint-Joseph to improve in quality and international recognition? (2)

A

The vineyards face east, which historically meant it was sometime too cool to ripen high quality fruit except in some of the more southern parts.

Climate change means that temperatures are rising and potentially increasing Saint-Joseph’s ability to produce higher quality fruit while mitigating the more extreme temperatures of a south-facing site (Hermitage)

117
Q
A

WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World (40 decks)

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