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WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World > 7. The Rhone Valley > Flashcards

7. The Rhone Valley Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the climate of the northern Rhone?

A

Continental

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2
Q

What is the climate of the southern Rhone?

A

Mediterranean

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3
Q

How much land is under vine in the northern and southern Rhone respectively?

A

1) 4,200 ha
2) 65,000

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4
Q

What is Syrah decline/disorder and how is it caused?

A

1) Leaves turn red and the grape point breaks
2) Produced by pathogens including viruses.

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5
Q

What are the five key black grape varieties of the Rhone?

A

1) Grenache
2) Syrah
3) Mourvedre
4) Cinsault
5) Carignan

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6
Q

What are the five leading white platings?

A

1) Grenache Blanc
2) Viognier
3) Clairette
4) Roussanne
5) Marsanne

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7
Q

What is the red, white, rose percentage split in production terms across the Rhone?

A

1) 76% red
2) 14% rose
3) 10% white

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8
Q

When does Grenache ripen?

A

Late

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9
Q

What is a rising trend in Rhone viticulture?

A

Organics

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10
Q

Cotes du Rhone AOC and Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC account for approximately what percent of all Rhone wine production?

A

60%

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11
Q

What two viticultural hazards is Syrah vulnerable to?

A

1) Mites
2) Botrytis

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12
Q

What four disease pressures is Grenache vulnerable to?

A

1) Coulure
2) Downy
3) Phomopsis
4) Botrytis

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13
Q

When does Mourvedre bud and ripen?

A

Late

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14
Q

Is Mourvedre drought tolerant?

A

No

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15
Q

How is Mourvèdre best grown in the vineyard? (3)

A

1) Deep calcareous soils with small but steady water supplies
2) Best pruned short
3) Suited to cordon training or bush vines

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16
Q

What three disease pressures is Mourvedre prone to?

A

1) Mites
2) Leafhoppers
3) Sour rot

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17
Q

What is sour rot?

A

A disease that affects ripening bunches due to insect or bird damage to grapes, which then become prone to bacteria and fungi

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18
Q

Why must care be taken in the winery to ensure Mourvedre has adequate access to oxygen?

A

It is prone to reduction

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19
Q

How is Mourvedre typically aged?

A

In old oak

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20
Q

What are two positive attributes of Cinsault in the vineyard?

A

1) Drought tolerant
2) Heat tolerant

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21
Q

Cinsault is vulnerable to what five things?

A

1) Chlorosis
2) Esca
3) Eutypa
4) Mites
5) Grape moths

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22
Q

Why is Cinsault highly suitable for early drinking reds and roses?

A

The lifted aromas of the variety are most prominent in the first year after the wine is made

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23
Q

When does Viognier bud?

A

Early

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24
Q

Why are Viognier and Roussanne yields often low and unpredictable?

A

Due to poor flowering and fruit set (coulure) exacerbated by the Mistral

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25
Q

When do Roussanne and Marsanne bud?

A

Late

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26
Q

Where do Roussanne, Marsanne and Clairette grow best?

A

On stone, low fertility soils (low fertility prevents vigour)

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27
Q

Marsanne and Roussane vulnerable to what three things?

A

1) Powdery
2) Mites
3) Botrytis

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28
Q

Why is Grenache Blanc’s early budding nature not considered an issue?

A

It is mostly planted in the southern Rhone where spring frost is less common

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29
Q

What does Grenache Blanc contribute to a blend?

A

Low intensity ripe green fruit and some floral notes, high alcohol and low acidity

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30
Q

What is Clairette prone to?

A

Autumn rains as it is late ripening

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31
Q

How much Clairette be treated in the winery?

A

Gently as it oxidises easily

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32
Q

What does Clairette contribute to a wine? (3)

A

1) Freshness and fruit - flower, fennel, apple, grapefruit
2) High alcohol
3) Low to medium (–) acidity.

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33
Q

When does Bourboulenc ripen?

A

Late

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34
Q

What does Bourboulenc contribute to a wine?

A

Lemon flavour, medium (+) acidity
and medium alcohol

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35
Q

Explain the winemaking style required for Grenache and why (2)

A

1) Prone to oxidation and premature loss of colour if it is exposed to too much oxygen
2) Fermented and aged in concrete vats or stainless steel tanks.

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36
Q

What are two positive attributes of Bourboulenc in the vineyard? Why?

A

1) Late ripening
2) Loose bunches
3) Resistant to botrytis

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37
Q

Explain the winemaking style required for Syrah and why

A

Syrah is prone to reduction and therefore has to be pumped over more often and is often aged in oak to provide gentle oxidation, adding to cost.

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38
Q

What vessel type can be said to be traditional in the Rhone of a) fermentation and b) maturation?

A

1) Concrete
2) Small/large wood

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39
Q

What are five production differences between cru and high volume red wines?

A

1) Hand vs machine
2) Cold soak vs flash detente/thermovinification
3) Warm vs mid-range fermentation temperatures
4) Intense, prolonged vs short maceration
5) Maturation vs quick release

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40
Q

Why is the incidence of fungal disease lowered in the northern Rhone?

A

The cool Mistral wind from the north

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41
Q

How long is the northern Rhone from north to south?

A

65km

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42
Q

By what method is most Rhone rose made? Example?

A

1) Short maceration (saignee), but with the intention of creating rose rather than concentrating a red wine
2) Tavel

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43
Q

What is another consequence of the Mistral wind?

A

It decreases vine vigour and leads to lower yields of higher concentration

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44
Q

Four common winemaking decisions for white wine?

A

1) Mid-range temperatures
2) MLC sometimes avoided
3) Lees stirring avoided in most cases
4) Oak for premium

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45
Q

What are the two red-only AOCs of the northern Rhone?

A

1) Cote-Rotie
2) Cornas

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46
Q

What are the three AOCs of the northern Rhone that can be red or white?

A

1) Saint-Hoseph
2) Crozes Hermitage
3) Hermitage

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47
Q

What are the three white only AOCs of the northern Rhone?

A

1) Condrieu
2) Chateau Grillet
3) Saint-Peray

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48
Q

What is the red, white and rose IGP of the northern Rhone?

A

Collines Rhodaniennes

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49
Q

Describe a Cote Rotie vineyard

A

Steep terraces facing east and south-east

50
Q

How are vines in Cote-Rotie trained?

A

Single- or double-Guyot and tied to one or two poles offering good sunlight interception and protection from northerly winds

51
Q

What are echalas?

A

The poles to which Cote-Rotie’s vines are tied due to the strength of the Mistral

52
Q

What per cent of Viognier is permitted in Cote-Rotie?

A

20%

53
Q

What is the preferred rootstock in Cote-Rotie?

A

3309

54
Q

What is the typical planting density in Cote-Rotie?

A

10,000 vines per ha

55
Q

What is the maximum yield in Cote-Rotie, Hermitage Rouge, Saint-Joseph and Cornas?

A

40 hL/ha

56
Q

If Viognier is used in Cote-Rotie, how must it be fermented?

A

Co-fermented with Syrah

57
Q

What are two common maturation vessel sizes in Cote-Rotie?

A

1) 225l barrique
2) 500-600l demi-muids

58
Q

What are four common winemaking steps for Cote-Rotie?

A

1) Destem
2) Cold soak
3) Warm fermentation
4) Ambient yeasts

59
Q

What famous trio of wines uses 225l barrique for maturation?

A

Guigal’s La Mouline, La Landonne, La Turque

60
Q

What is the maximum yield of Condrieu?

A

41 hL/ha

61
Q

Condrieu must be 100% of what variety?

A

Viognier

62
Q

Describe the terroir of Condrieu

A

South-facing vineyards on steep, low fertility, rocky terraced slopes

63
Q

What two vessel materials are most common for Condrieu?

A

Stainless steel and old oak

64
Q

Besides oak and MLC, what other winemaking technique is up to the winemaker but commonly employed in Condrieu?

A

10-12 months lees maturation and stirring

65
Q

Name two highly regarded producers in Saint-Joseph

A

Jean-Louis Chave
Domaine Gonon

66
Q

What two white grapes are permitted in Saint-Joseph’s red wines but rarely used?

A

Marsanne and Roussanne

67
Q

What are the two common maturation vessel types for Saint-Joseph?

A

Stainless steel and large oak

68
Q

In which direction do the vineyards of Hermitage face?

A

South

69
Q

What is a famous lieu-dit of Hermitage at the western end of the hill that records the highest temperatures?

A

Le Meal

70
Q

Hermitage whites are mostly which variety?

A

Marsanne, sometimes with Roussanne

71
Q

What is a key difference between Chapoutier and Chave?

A

Chapoutier focuses on individual parcels whereas Chave blends across the appellation

72
Q

What is the leading co-operative of Hermitage?

A

Cave de Tain

73
Q

Crozes-Hermitage is the northern Rhone’s largest appellation. What are the differences in climate between north and south?

A

It is continental in the north with strong Alpine and Mistral influences, whereas it is more temperature in the south.

74
Q

What is unique about the climate of Cornas?

A

Mediterranean rather than continental

75
Q

Name three significant producers of Cornas

A

Alain Voge
Vincent Paris
Auguste Clape

76
Q

What are the soils types of Saint-Peray?

A

Limestone and granite

77
Q

What is the maximum yield of Crozes-Hermitage, Hermitage Blanc and Saint-Peray?

A

45 hL/ha

78
Q

What is the principal variety planted in Saint Peray?

A

Marsanne with some Roussanne

79
Q

Why is Saint-Peray cooler than Cornas despite being further south?

A

It sits within a valley through which flows a cool wind (Bise)

80
Q

Why is there less protection from the Mistral in the southern Rhone compared with the north?

A

It is flatter

81
Q

How are Grenache vines trained to protect from the Mistral?

A

Low bush-trained vines are common for Grenache

82
Q

What is the appellation hierarchy of the southern Rhone?

A

1) Cotes du Rhone AOC
2) Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC
3) Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC + named village i.e. Seguret
4) Individual top village appellations i.e. Gigondas

83
Q

How many named villages are there as part of the Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC?

A

22

84
Q

What is the maximum yield for red, white and rose Cotes du Rhone AOC?

A

51 hL/ha

85
Q

Grenache, Syrah and Mourvedre must account for what per cent of the final blend of Cotes du Rhone AOC?

A

60%

86
Q

What six varieties must account for 80% of the final blend of a Cotes du Rhone AOC blanc?

A

1) Bourboulenc
2) Clairette
3) Grenache Blanc
4) Marsanne
5) Roussanne
6) Viognier

87
Q

What is the maximum yield for Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC?

A

44 hL/ha

88
Q

What is the maximum yield for Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC + named village?

A

41 hL/ha

89
Q

What is the maximum yield for Chateauneuf-du-Pape?

A

35 hL/ha

90
Q

Gigondas’s vineyards extend how far above sea level?

A

600m

91
Q

What helps reduce the morning temperatures of Gigondas?

A

The Dentelles de Montmirail montains

92
Q

Gigondas, Vacqueyras, Vinsobres, Beaumes-de-Venise and Rasteau must be at least what per cent Grenache Noir?

A

50%

93
Q

From 2023 white wine based on what variety will be allowed in Gigondas?

A

Clairette (minimum 70%)

94
Q

Vacqueyras’s vineyards extend how far above sea level?

A

440m

95
Q

Can Gigondas, Vinsobres, Rasteau and Vacqueyras be 100% Grenache Noir?

A

No. They must feature at least some Syrah or Mourvedre

96
Q

What is the most northerly southern Rhone cru?

A

Vinsobres

97
Q

At what elevation range are the vineyards of Vinsobres?

A

200-500m

98
Q

What are the nine crus of the southern Rhone?

A

1) Chateauneuf-du-Pape
2) Gigondas
3) Vacqueyras
4) Rasteau
5) Vinsobres
6) Cairanne
7) Tavel
8) Beaumes-de-Venise
9) Lirac

99
Q

How must Cheateauneuf-du-Pape be harvested?

A

By hand

100
Q

What is unique about Chateaneuf-du-Pape when compared with the other eight crus with respect to the final blend?

A

There is no stipulation of principal varieties and minimum percentages. It is possible to make varietal wines

101
Q

What are galets roules and where are they common?

A

Large pebbles in Chateauneuf-du-Pape

102
Q

What is the effect of galets roules?

A

They absorb heat during the day and reflect it at night

103
Q

What soil types are common in Chateauneuf-du-Pape?

A

Limestone, clay, sandstone and sand

104
Q

Chateauneuf–du-Pape can be a blend of 13 varieties. Which two white varieties common in the northern Rhone cannot be included?

A

1) Viognier
2) Marsanne

105
Q

The final blend of Lirac must be made from 90% of which four varieties?

A

Grenache Noir, Syrah, Mourvedre, Cinsault

106
Q

Name a significant producer of Lirac

A

Chateau Mont Redon

107
Q

Tavel is dedicated to which style of wine?

A

Rose

108
Q

Tavel may include 12 varieties, but must include which?

A

Grenache Noir up to 60%

109
Q

What is the maximum yield of Tavel?

A

46 hL/ha

110
Q

What are the four key (of seven) ‘satellite’ appellations of the southern Rhone?

A

1) Costieres de Nimes AOC
2) Grignan-les-Adhemar AOC
3) Ventoux AOC
4) Luberon AOC

111
Q

What is the maximum yield of Costieres de Nimes & Ventoux?

A

60 hL/ha

112
Q

What production trend has been seen in Costieres de Nimes?

A

From co-ops to privately-owned estates

113
Q

Describe the terroir of Costieres de Nimes

A

South-west facing vineyards with good sunlight interception and Mediterranean breezes

114
Q

What geological feature is an important cooling aspect of Ventoux?

A

Mount Ventoux from which descends cool air and into which vines are planted up to 450m

115
Q

What is the maximum yield of Luberon?

A

55 hL/ha

116
Q

What are two benefits of Mourvedre’s late ripening from a winery and labour perspective?

A

1) Can remain on the vine while Syrah and Grenache are being fermented
2) Can be harvested once temperatures are in decline, which could save on expensive labour and/or energy to keep fruit cool

117
Q

When do Carignan and Cinsault bud?

A

Late

118
Q

What are the primary soils of Saint-Joseph?

A

Predominantly granite

119
Q

What is the aspect of Saint-Joseph?

A

East-facing running north-south along the Rhone River

120
Q

Why is there the increasing potential for Saint-Joseph to improve in quality and international recognition?

A

Climate change means that temperatures are rising and potentially increasing Saint-Joseph’s east-facing vineyards the ability to produce higher quality fruit

121
Q

What two varieties are commonly planted in the Gard IGP?

A

Merlot
Cabernet Sauvignon

122
Q

What are three requirements for irrigation of Rhone vineyards?

A

1) Proof of water stress
2) No irrigation after veraison
3) Cannot irrigate to exceed max yields

WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World (42 decks)

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